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CONTRIBUTIONS 


ANNALS  OF  MEDICAL  PROGRESS 


AND 


MEDICAL  EDUCATION 


IX 


THE    UNITED    STATES 


BEFORE  AND  DURING 


THE  WAR  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


JOSEPH  M.  TONER,  M.  D. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 

1874. 


Biomedical 

Library 


CONTENTS. 




Pago. 

ettet  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 5 

utroductory _..- 7 

,ack  of  early  legislation - 7 

Reasons  of  inaction 7 

[edical  pioneersin  Virginia 8 

'irginia  surgeons  in  the  revolutionary  war 10 

lledical  pioneers  in  Massachusetts— seventeenth  century 12 

Iledical  pioneers  in  Massachusetts — eighteenth  century 22 

'lassachusetts  surgeons  in  the  revolutionary  war 35 

iliscellanea  respecting  early  medical  practice 35 

larly  medical  practice  in  New  York 37 

lew  York  physicians  of  the  eighteenth  century 42 

i'ew  York  army-surgeons  in  the  Revolution 46 

ifter  the  Revolution 48 

'lonors  to  medical  men 49 

imall  number  of  trained  practitioners 49 

beginnings  of  legislative  protection .„  49 

.  Jise  of  hospitals 54 

\utopsy 57 

didwifery 58 

The  physician  and  the  apothecary 58 

Tees 58 

Medical  titles 59 

Medicine  in  the  South 61 

Carolina  surgeons  in  the  Revolution 62 

Vforth  Carolina 63 

3arly  medical  training  in  New  England 64  •> 

Joimecticut  physicians 65 

Jonuecticut  surgeons  in  the  Revolution 69 

■]arly  physicians  in  Rhode  Island 70 

Medical  science  elsewhere 73 

Early  physicians  in  New  Jersey 73 

Formation  of  medical  societies 77 

Early  physicians  in  Pennsylvania 78 

Pennsylvania  surgeons  in  the  Revolution 83 

Pennsylvania  Hospital 85--_ 

Pest-bouses 85 

Clinical  instruction 85 

Medical  library  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 86 

Early  physicians  in  Maryland ..,- 86 

Maryland  surgeons  in  the  Revolution 90 

Early  physicians  of  Delaware 91 

Georgia  surgeons  in  the  Revolution 93 

Surgeons  not  located 93 

Surgeons  at  Bunker  Hill 93 

Endemics  and  epidemics 93 

Reasons  for  studying  abroad 95 


4  CONTENTS. 

^-Founding  of  medical  schools  at  home ^() 

— Medical  College  of  Philadelphia 96 

Early  physicians  in  New  Hampshire -  - 100 

— Medical  College  of  New  York ■ !01 

Joules  of  admission  and  examination 102 

^Date  of  first  degrees 102 

Annual  sessions 

"'Progress  of  medical  education 102 

Interruption  from  war 10'^ 

Alphabetical  index  to  names  of  physicians  mentioned  in  the  text 110 


LETTER 


Department  of  the  Interior, 

Bureau  of  Education, 
Washington,  D.  C,  October  27,  1874. 

Sir:  I  have  the  houor  to  recommend  the  publication  of  the  accompa- 
nying" manuscript,  prepared  by  J.  M.  Toner,  M.  D.,  founder  of  the  Toner 
lectures  in  Washington,  a  writer  on  several  important  medical  topics, 
and  president  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

This  compilation  of  biographical  and  historical  notes  concerning  the 
physicians  of  the  colonial  times  and  the  early  days  of  American  inde- 
pendence was  undertaken  by  Dr.  Toner  at  the  request  of  the  Con- 
vention of  School-Superintendents  which  met  in  Washington  in  1872, 
(to  consult  with  regard  to  the  exhibition  of  the  United  States  sys- 
tem of  education  at  Vienna,)  with  a  view  to  its  forming  a  part  of  that 
complete  representation  of  the  rise  and  progress  as  well  as  present 
condition  of  the  system  of  education  in  the  United  States,  professional 
and  preparatory,  which  was  thought  desirable  for  the  Vienna  Exhibition. 

The  difficulties  attending  a  compilation  from  such  scattered  and  varied 
sources  prevented  its  completion  in  season  for  Vienna.  /  Prepared  dur- 
ing the  intervals  of  active  professional  work,  it  makes  no  claim  to  a 
methodical  or  exhaustive  treatment  of  the  subject;  it  however  furnishes 
a  mass  of  biographical  and  historical  information  now  for  the  first  time 
collected,  which  must  make  it  a  valuable  contribution  towards  a  history 
of  the  rise  and  progress  of  medical  culture  in  this  country,  and  most 
useful  to  other  inquirers  in  the  same  field.  Its  brief  biographies  of  the 
early  medical  practitioners  show  how  often  the  learned  professions  were 
united  in  the  same  learned  man,  who  was  at  once  physician,  pastor, 
and  teacher,  and  how  medical  science  was  at  first  traditional,  the  old 
practitioner  instructing  his  one  or  two  student-assistants  in  his  own 
theories  and  methods  and  they  in  turn  handing  them  down,  with  the 
added  results  of  their  own  experience,  to  their  successors. 

The  importance  of  correct  methods  of  training  for  this  profession,  to 
whose  care  more  or  less  directly  are  committed  the  lives  and  health  of 
all  our  people,  cannot  be  overestimated.  This  compilation  furnishes 
the  first  steps  for  all  who  would  pursue  the  instructive  lessons  of 
experience  to  their  conclusion.  It  is  also  specially  timely  as  an  aid  in 
presenting  at  the;  Centennial  Exhibition  the  growth  of  this  profession 
during  the  colonial  period  of  our  country's  history.     It  is  to  be  hoped 


6 


LETTER. 


that  some  equally  intelligent  and  enthusiastic  investigator  will  do  for 
the  past  century  what  Dr.  Toner  has  attempted  for  the  period  comprised 
in  his  own  researches. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

JOHN  EATON, 


Hon.  C.  Delano, 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. 


Commissioner, 


Approved  and  publication  ordered. 


C.  DELANO, 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  ANNALS  OF  MEDICAL  PROGRESS  AND 

EDUCATION. 


In  response  to  the  request  of  eminent  educators,  the  following  records 
and  notes,  which  I  have  made,  from  time  to  time,  on  the  rise  and  prog- 
ress of  medical  culture  during  the  earliest  years  of  the  settlement  of 
this  country,  are  furnished,  rather  as  memoranda  for  the  use  of  those 
interested  in  similar  studies,  than  as  an  attempt  to  push  investigations 
to  their  conclusions  or  to  follow  exactness  of  method. 

As  the  medical  profession  must  always  occupy  an  important,  if  not 
a  conspicuous,  position  in  the  scientific  and  educational  history  of  a 
nation,  the  present  is  deemed  an  opportune  occasion  to  group  together 
in  a  brief  review  some  of  the  more  notable  names  of  medical  men  and 
important  events  in  the  history  and  progress  of  medicine  in  the  United 
States,  from  the  period  of  the  first  settlements  to  the  close  of  the  colo- 
nial governments,  and  in  some  instances  down  to  the  commencement  of 
the  present  century. 

LACK   OF   EARLY  LEGISLATION. 

For  the  first  century,  after  successful  settlements  had  been  made  on 
this  continent,  medicine,  as  a  distinct  branch  of  education,  received  but 
little  consideration  from  legislators,  and,  as  a  profession  and  an  art3  was 
left  wholly  without  protection,  encouragement,  or  recognition. 

The  school-house  everywhere  accompanied  the  pioneer,  and  academic 
institutions  promptly  sprang  up  in  the  interest  of  the  various  denomi- 
nations, and  achieved  reputation  in  not  less  than  eight  distinct  settle- 
ments before  the  Eevolution. 

But  up  to  this  period  only  two  attempts  to  establish  medical  colleges 
had  been  made,  and  from  these  less  than  fifty  young  men  had  been 
graduated  as  bachelors  and  doctors  of  medicine.  Many  of  the  causes 
influencing  this  backwardness  in  home-professional  education  are  appar- 
ent in  the  dependent  attitude  of  the  colonies  and  the  state  of  the  pro- 
fession in  both  hemispheres. 

REASONS   OF   INACTION. 

But  few  physicians  were  required  by  the  healthy  and  laborious  people, 
of  steady  habits,  who  first  came  to  our  shores.  The  sparscness  of  the 
population,  which  was  gradually  subduing  the  forest  and  planting  set- 
tlements ou  the  bays  setting  up  from  the  Atlantic  and  along  the  rivers 
emptying  in  to  them,  gave  but  little  encouragement  to  the  professional  man. 

So  intently  occupied  were  the  first  immigrants  with  the  struggle  to  ob- 
tain the  necessaries  of  life,  surrounded  as  they  were  by  unfriendly  tribes 
of  natives  and  in  a  rigorous  climate,  that  they  had  no  time  to  think  of 
medical  education  or  medical  matters,  however  important  these  things 


8  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

might  be  to  the  preservation  of  their  health  and  the  securing  of  final 
success  in  their  endeavors. 

Education,  particularly  professional,  requires  means  and  leisure  for 
its  encouragement  and  a  reasonable  prosp  ect  of  remunerative  employ- 
ment. It  is  true,  the  immediate  wants  of  the  colonists,  arising  from 
sickness  or  accidents,  were  in  a  measure  provided  for  by  physicians 
who  accompanied  the  early  pioneers  of  civilization  to  these  shores. 

MEDICAL  PIONEERS  IN  VIRGINIA. 

Amongthe  early  settlers  that  came  to  Virginia  and  founded  James- 
town in  1G07  was  Dr.  Thomas  Wootton,1  surgeon-general  of  the  Com- 
pany. The  doctor  was  among  those  who  suffered  severely  from  lack  of 
food,  living  for  a  considerable  time  on  crabs  and  sturgeon.2  In  1608 
Dr.  Walter  Eussell  is  mentioned  as  being  with  Captain  Smith  and  ren- 
dering him  professional  services  during  the  making  of  the  survey  of 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Potomac  Eiver.  He  attended  an  Indian  chief,3 
who  had  been  shot  in  the  knee,  a  brother  of  Hassininga,  king  of  one  of 
the  four  nations  of  the  Mannahocks. 

This  expedition,  consisting  of  Captain  Smith,  Dr.  Russell,  and  thir- 
teen of  the  crew,  after  surveying  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  proceeded  up  the 
Potomac  River  to  the  Falls,  some  few  miles  above  where  now  stands 
Washington  City,  the  Capital  of  the  United  States. 

In  1008  Anthony  Bagnall 4  was  surgeon  at  the  fort  and  for  the  settlers 
at  Jamestown  and  vicinity.  Some  idea  of  the  special  perils  attending  a 
professional  life  in  the  ISTew  World  at  that  day  may  be  inferred  from  the 
fact  that  on  one  of  his  visits  to  a  patient  he  was  shot  at  by  the  Indians, 
the  arrow  passing  through  his  hat. 

The  residence  of  these  physicians  is  presumed  not  to  have  been  per. 
manent,  as  Captain  Smith,  the  president  of  the  Virginia  Company,  re- 
turned to  England  in  1609  for  surgical  treatment,  "  for  there  was  neither 
chirurgeon  nor  chirurgery  at  the  fort." 5 

Dr.  Lawrence  Bohun  studied  hisprofession  in  the  Low  Countries,  where 
the  leading  medical  schools  of  that  period  were  located,  and  found  his 
way  to  Virginia  as  early  as  1610,  and  in  1611  is  mentioned  as  physician- 
general  of  the  colony.  In  March  of  that  year,  Lord  Delaware,  who  was 
seriously  ill,  sailed  from  Virginia  to  the  West  Indies  for  his  health,  ac- 
companied by  Dr.  Bohun.  The  doctor  was  killed  in  a  naval  engagement 
with  a  Spanish  man-of-war,6  and  was  succeeded  in  office  by  Dr.  John 
Pot,7  who  was  elected  (on  the  recommendation  of  Dr.  Gulstone)  physi- 
cian-general of  the  Company,  and  the  same  year  removed  to  the  colony, 
of  which  he  was  made  temporary  governor  in  1G2S.8 

1Stith,B  History  of  Virginia,  p.  48.  2  Stitli's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  62. 

-  li's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  71.  ••Stitli's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  74. 

5Stitli's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  10G.  6  Stitli's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  188. 

1  Stitli's  History  of  Virginia,  p.  188. 

8  History  of  the  Virginia  Company  of  London,  p.  182. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  it 

These  were  some  of  the  physicians  of  distinction,  and  I  might  add  the 
names  of  others  who  practiced  in  Virginia  before  the  Pilgrims  lauded  at 
Plymouth.1 

Dr.  Green  practiced  in  Gloucester  County,  Virginia,  and  died  in  1G70, 
in  the  same  house  where  General  Bacon,  of  Bacon's  rebellion,  died. 
Many  of  the  early  physicians  who  came  to  Virginia,  as  well  as  those 
who  first  came  to  the  other  colonies,  held  some  official  position, 
either  at  a  fort  with  the  army  or  in  the  navy  of  the  country  governing 
the  settlements.  It  is  also  a  noticeable  fact  that  many  of  the  ships,  per- 
haps all,  trading  with  the  settlements  in  the  New  World  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  carried  with  them  a  surgeon.  This  was  rendered  necessary  on 
account  of  the  length  of  the  voyage  and  the  time  expended  in  disposing 
of  and  collecting  new  cargoes.  These  surgeons  were  permitted  while 
the  ships  were  in  port  to  practice  among  the  people  on  shore.  When 
the  encouragement  was  sufficient,  no  doubt  some  of  them  remained  or, 
returning,  resided  permanently. 

Dr.  William  Cabell,  a  native  of  Great  Britain,  was  educated  to  the 
profession  of  medicine ;  came  to  America  between  1720  and  1724.  He 
settled  on  the  James  Eiver,  at  a  place  known  as  Liberty  Hall,  in 
Nelson  County,  and  was  a  man  of  enterprise,  wealth,  and  of  great 
influence  in  the  State.     He  died  April  12,  1771,  aged  87. 

The  earliest  law  passed  having  special  reference  to  the  medical  pro- 
fession was  "An  act  to  compel  physicians  and  surgeons  to  declare  on 
oath  the  value  of  their  medicines,"  enacted  October  21,  1039,  which  was 
revised  and  amended  at  the  session  of  1G45-MG,  and  again  at  the  session 
of  lG57-'58.     (Hening's  Stat.  Va,,  vol.  i,  pp.  310,  450.) 

John  Mitchell,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  removed  from  England  to  Virginia 
about  the  year  1700  and  located  at  Urbana,  a  small  town  on  the  Rappa- 
hannock River.  He  was  eminent  as  a  botanist,  as  well  as  a  physician ; 
and,  besides  numerous  communications  to  the  Royal  Society,  he  published 
a  work  on  botany,  a  history  of  the  contest  in  America,  (printed  in  1755,) 
aud  a  treatise  on  the  yellow  fever.  The  manuscript  of  the  latter  having 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Franklin,  he  transmitted  it  to  Dr.  Rush,  at 
the  time  that  yellow  fever  was  epidemic  in  Philadelphia ;  and,  from  the 
valuable  suggestions  contained  in  it,  Dr.  Rush  was  led  into  a  new  train 

1  Upon  examining  the  colonial  laws  and  enactments,  I  find  the  following  statutes  re. 
lating  to  medicine  aud  hygiene  enacted  in  the  colony  of  Virginia  prior  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  present  form  of  government,  the  titles  only  of  which  have  been  introduced 
as  affording  interest  to  the  reader:  An  act  regulating  chirurgeons'  accouuts,  enacted 
1662,  Hen.  Stat.  Va.,  vol.  2,  p.  109  ;  An  act  allowing  chirurgeous'  accounts  to  be 
pleaded  after  decease  of  the  party,  enacted  1662,  Hen.  Stat.  Va.,  vol.  2,  p.  109  ; 
An  act  relating  to  physicians'  and  chirurgeons'  accounts,  enacted  1691,  mauuscript-ed. 
Stat.  Va.,  p.  15  ;  An  act  to  oblige  ships  coming  from  places  infected  with  plague  to 
perform  their  quarantine,  enacted  1722,  Stats.  Va.,  ed.  1769,  p.  67;  An  act  for  regu 
lating  the  fees  and  accounts  of  the  practitioners  of  physic,  enacted  1736,  Hen.  Stat. 
Va.,  vol.  4,  p.  509;  An  act  to  regulate  the  inoculation  of  small-pox  within  the  colony, 
enacted  1769,  Stat.  Va.,  ed.  1785,  p.  11 ;  An  act  amendatory  to  the  foregoing  act, 
enaffted  1777,  Stat.  Va.,  ed.  1785,  p.  161. 


10  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

of  reflections  which  resulted  in  his  successfully  combating  the  distem- 
per in  Philadelphia  in  1793.     Dr.  Mitchell  died  about  1772. 

James  Craik,  M.  D.,  came  to  America,  probably  with  Braddock's  army, 
and  served  as  a  surgeon  throughout  the  French  and  Indian  war.  He 
was  born  in  Scotland  in  1730  and  was  educated  for  the  medical  staff  of 
the  British  army.  He  was  with  General  Braddock  at  the  time  of  his 
defeat  and  assisted  in  dressing  his  wounds.  While  in  the  army,  he 
formed  with  General  (then  Colonel)  Washington  an  acquaintance  which 
ripened  into  a  friendship  that  continued  through  life. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolutionary  war,  Dr.  Craik  tendered 
his  services  to  the  American  Army  and  after  the  surrender  of  York- 
town  was  appointed  director-general  of  the  hospital  at  that  place.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  was  persuaded  by  Washington  to  settle  at  Alex- 
andria, near  Mount  Vernon.  He  remained  the  physician  and  friend  of 
the  general,  and  was  with  him  at  the  time  of  his  death.  To  him  Wash, 
ington  refers  in  his  will,  calling  him  "  my  compatriot  in  arms ;  my  old 
and  intimate  friend."  He  died  in  Fairfax  County,  Virginia,  February 
G,  1814. 

Dr.  Walter  McClurg  was  a  successful  practitioner  in  Elizabeth  City, 
Va.,  about  the  middle  of  the  year  1750. 

Hugh  Mercer,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was  educated  as  a  physician,  and, 
having  emigrated  to  this  country,  settled  in  Virginia.  He  served  in  the 
French  and  Indian  war  and,  being  wounded  at  Fort  Du  Quesne,  barely 
escaped  capture  by  the  enemy.  He  entered  the  American  Army  at  the 
commencement  of  the  Bevolution,  and,  having  distinguished  himself  in 
various  battles,  was  made  brigadier-general.  During  the  action  at 
Princeton,  on  the  3d  of  January,  1777,  while  endeavoring  to  rally  his 
retreating  troops,  his  horse  was  shot  from  under  him  and  he  severely 
wounded  by  the  British  troops,  who  surrounded  and  stabbed  him  with 
their  bayonets.  He  died  January  19,  1777,  and  was  buried^at  Phila- 
delphia. 

Dr.  John  Spencer  was  born  and  educated  in  Scotland.  He  was  an 
alumnus  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  Arriving  in  America  towards 
the  close  of  the  last  century,  he  settled  at  Dumfries,  Va.,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  large  and  lucrative  practice. 

Dr.  Andrew  Leiper  was  a  resident  of  Richmond,  where  he  died,  Octo- 
ber 17,  1798. 

VIRGINIA   SURGEONS   IN   THE   REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 

• 

The  following  physicians  of  Virginia  served  in  the  Continental  Army 
in  their  professional  capacity,  as  I  find  from  the  historical  records  of 
the  Revolution : 

Cornelius  Baldwin,  Thomas  Chrystie,  Mace  Clements,  Joseph  Davis 
Charles  Land,  Baziel  Middleton,  George  Monroe,  Robert  Rose,  Joseph, 
Savage,  Alexander  Skinner,  Nathan  Smith,  John  Tresvaut,  Claiborne 
Vaughn,  James  Wallace,  and  George  Yates. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  11 

Surgeou  David  Gould  died  July  12,  L781. 

"William  Graham  was  surgeon's  mate  of  Colonel  Alexander  Spotts- 
wood's  regiment. 

James  McClurg,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Virginia,  graduated  in  medicine 
from  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1770.  He  practiced  at  Richmond, 
Va.,  and  established  his  name  as  a  surgeon  of  high  repute  in  the  revo- 
lutionary war. 

Dr.  Alexander  Lajournade  was  commissioned  surgeon's  mate,  March 
15,  1778,  to  Col.  Charles  Harrison's  Virginia  and  Maryland  Artillery. 

Dr.  Robert  Macry  was  surgeon  in  the  Eleventh  Virginia  Regiment, 
November.13,  1776. 

Dr.  Shuball  Pratt  was  surgeon  in  the  Virginia  Line,  March  12,  1778. 

Dr.  John  Roberts  was  appointed  surgeon's  mate  in  1770  and  promoted 
to  surgeon  the  following  year. 

Dr.  Jonathan  Calvert  was  commissioned  surgeon's  mate  November  30, 
1770,  in  Col.  Charles  Harrison's  Virginia  and  Maryland  regiment  of 
artillery. 

Dr.  James  Carter,  of  Williamsburg,  Va.,  was  in  1765  complimented 
by  a  vote  of  thanks  and  £50,  by  the  president  of  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege in  Virginia,  for  his  valuable  services  to  the  professors  and  students 
when  they  were  suffering  from  the  small-pox. 

Dr.  William  Carter,  a  native  of  Virginia,  pursued  his  profession  at 
Richmond,  Va.,  where  he  died,  1798.  He  was  surgeon  to  the  hospital 
located  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  daring  the  revolutionary  war. 

Dr.  Thomas  Chrystie  served  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon  from  April  1, 
1778,  to  the  close  of  the  Avar. 

John  Clayton,  a  native  of  England,  was  educated  to  the  profession  of 
medicine,  came  to  America  early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  settled  to 
practice  in  Gloucester  County,  Va.,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  dying  December  15,  1773.  He  was  eminent  in  his  profession  and 
one  of  the  leading  botanists  of  the  time. 

Dr.  Stephen  Cooke  was  a  surgeon  in  the  revolutionary  war  and  was 
taken  prisoner  and  sent  to  Bermuda,  where  he  married.  He  returned  to 
Virginia,  and  practiced  iu  Loudoun  County,  Va.,  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  March,  1S10. 

James  Currie,  a  native  of  Scotland,  received  his  diploma  at  Edinburgh. 
He  emigrated,  and  practiced  with  reputation  his  profession  for  a  long- 
series  of  years  at  Richmond,  Va.,  where  he  died  April  23,  1803,  aged  63. 

Dr.  John  Baynham  was  a  practitioner  of  note  in  Caroline  County,  Va., 
during  the  early  and  middle  part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Dr.  William  Baynham  acquired  distinction  as  a  surgeon  in  Virginia. 
He  resided  most  of  his  life  in  Essex  County,  dying  in  the  year  1811, 
aged  65. 

Dr.  John  Minson  Gait,  of  Williamsburg.  Va.,  was  a  physician  of  emi- 
nence. He  was  the  first  physician  placed  in  charge  of  the  lunatic- 
asylum  established  by  the  State  in  that  town.     He  occupied  the  posi- 


12  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

tion  of  surgeon  in  the  hospital  located  there  during  the  revolutionary 
■war.    Someof  his  descendants  have  distinguished  themselvesin  medicine. 

Dr.  Cabin  Griffin,  born  in  Virginia  of  Welsh  descent,  practiced  in 
Yorktown. 

His  brother,  Cyrus  Griffin,  was  the  last  president  of  the  Continental 
Congress. 

Dr.  Joseph  Harding  practiced  with  success  at  Portsmouth,  Va.,  during 
the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Dr.  Walter  Jones,  a  native  of  Virginia,  a  physician  of  brilliant  pow- 
ers and  abilities,  practiced  iu  Northumberland  County,  Va.  He  died 
in  1815,  aged  70. 

Dr.  Ezekiel  Bull,  of  Virginia,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Eevolution.  He 
died,  in  1819,  at  a  very  advanced  age. 

David  Griffith  was  commissioned  by  the  Continental  Congress  surgeon 
and  chaplain  of  Colonel  William  Heth's  regiment  and  was  authorized  to 
draw  pay  in  both  capacities. 

Surgeon  William  Eumney  received  from  the  State  of  Virginia  a 
grant  of  six  thousand  acres  of  land  in  recognition  of  his  services,  as 
did  also  Surgeon  Charles  Taylor. 

To  this  list  of  worthies  might  be  added  a  host  of  others  who  served 
with  distinction  in  Virginia  during  the  colonial  and  revolutionary  wars. 

MEDICAL  PIONEERS  IN  MASSACHUSETTS — SEVENTEENTH   CENTURY. 

Dr.  Samuel  Fuller,  the  first  physician  and  surgeon  in  New  England, 
came  to  Massachusetts  in  the  Mayflower.  He  died  in  1633,  at  Ply- 
mouth, of  a  distemper  contracted  while  attending  patients  suffering  from 
a  contagious  disease.  His  wife  at  a  later  period  was  held  in  esteem  as 
a  midwife.1 

A  little  later  we  find  the  names  of  other  physicians  who  practiced  the 
healing  art  throughout  the  colony.  Giles  Firmin  practiced  in  Boston 
in  1631.    In  163S  he  received  a  grant  of  120  acres  of  land  at  Ipswich. 

John  Fisk2  settled  at  Salem  iu  1637,  and  was  not  only  a  physician  but 
also  school-teacher  and  clergyman. 

Dr.  William  Gager  accompanied  Governor  Winthrop  to  Boston,  where 
he  practiced  many  years,  and  his  death  was  the  cause  of  much  regret 
to  the  good  people  of  Boston. 

Dr.  Comfort  Starr,  originally  of  Cambridge,  removed  to  Duxbury,  Ply- 
mouth County,  in  1638,  and  then  to  Boston,  where  he  died  in  1660. 

Samuel  Bellingham  and  Henry  Salstonstall,3  graduates  of  Harvard  in 
1612,  studied  medicine  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  European 
universities. 

Leonard  Hoar,  M.  D.,  an  alumnus  of  the  Harvard  class  of  1650,  re- 
ceived his  medical  degree  in  Europe.    He  also  studied  theology,  and 


1  Russell's  Recollections  of  the  Pilgrims,  p.  246. 
-  Felt's  Annals  of  Salem,  p.  427. 
3Thacher's  Medical  13iog.,  pp.  17, 18. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  13 

settled  as  a  minister  in  Sussex,  England,  but  was  rejected  for  non- 
conformity. He  was  subsequently  for  two  years  president  of  Harvard 
College,  having  been  elected  in  1672,  shortly  after  his  return  to  America. 
He  died  at  Qnincy,  November  28, 1G75,  aged  45  years. 

John  (Hover,  having  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1G50,  went  to  Europe, 
where  he  received  his  medical  degree  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  On  his 
return  he  settled  as  a  physician  at  Eoxbury. 

Isaac  Chancy  and  John  Eogers,  qualified  as  ministers,  also  received 
their  medical  degrees  in  Europe  ami  on  their  return  to  America  en- 
gaged chiefly  in  the  ministry.  The  latter  was  president  of  Harvard 
"College  (at  which  institution  he  had  graduated  in  1619)  from  1GS2  to 
16S1,  when  he  died,  aged  53  years. 

Charles  Chauncy,  who  was  appointed  president  of  Harvard  College  in 
1651,  had  a  medical  education.  He  retained  that  position  until  his 
'death,  in  1G72.  Six  of  his  sons,  educated  at  the  college,  studied  med- 
icine. 

Matthew  Fuller  practiced  medicine  in  Plymouth  from  1640  to  1653, 
when  he  removed  to  Barnstable,  at  which  place  he  died  in  1678.  He 
was  surgeon-general  of  the  provincial  forces  in  1673. 

Thomas  Starrs,  of  Yarmouth,  as  early  as  1610  was  styled  chirurgeou- 

Samuel  Seabnry,  chirurgeou  in  Duxbury  from  an  early  date,  died  in 
1680. 

Thomas  Oliver1  was  in  practice  in  Boston  about  1610. 

In  March,  1629,  John  Pratt  was  proposed  to  the  court  of  assistants 
in  London  as  a  surgeon  to  the  Salem  Plantations,  upon  the  following 
conditions :  "  That  £10  should  be  allowed  him  :  for  his  chest,  £25,  and 
the  residue  for  his  own  salary  for  the  first  year."2 

At  the  same  meeting  the  company  agreed  with  Robert  Morley,  serv- 
ant of  Mr.  Andrew  Mathews,  late  barber-surgeon,3  to  serve  the  com- 
pany in  Xew  England  three  years,  the  first  year  to  have  twenty  nobles, 
&c.  It  is  much  to  the  credit  of  those  connected  with  these  early  settle- 
ments in  America,  that,  in  most,  if  not  all  of  them,  provisions  were 
made  to  give  succor  to  the  sick. 

1  Winthrdp's  Journal. 

2  Felt's  Annals  of  Salem,  vol.  1,  p.  62. 

3 The  person  entitled  to  the  appellation  of  surgeon  in  ancient  times,  as  at  present,' is 
often  also  entitled  to  that  of  physician,  as  is  the  custom  with  medical  officers  in  mil- 
itary service. 

The  term  !i  surgery,"  or  '•'  chirurgery,"  is-derived  from  the  Greek  %eip,  the  hand,  and 
ipyov, work,  and  lias  heeu  applied  to  that  branch  of  medicine  which  effects  cures  through 
manipulations,  the  use  of  instruments,  appliances,  topical  remedies.  In  the  earliest 
times  of  which  we  have  an  account,  the  surgeon  was  an  assistant  to  the  physician,  the 
former  exercising  his  art  under  the  direction  of  the  latter.  But  it  early  became  sepa- 
rated, as,  in  tlie  oath  of  Hippocrates,  it  appears  lithotomy  was  forbidden  to  the  physi- 
cian. The  Arabian  physicians  thought  it  beneath  their  dignity  to  perforin  surgical 
operations.  The  Romans  left  this  practice  to  their  slaves.  Medicine  in  the  infancy  of 
every  people  or  nation  is  found  in  the  bauds  of  the  priests  and  is  largely  mixed  up 
with  superstitions  rites.  In  Egypt,  India,  China,  Japan,  and  among  savages  and  even 
half-civilized  tribes  in  different  countries,  the  healing  art  is  always  largely  associated 


14  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

John  Clarke,  an  English  physician  of  eminence,  came  to  Boston  in 
1638,  where  he  died,  in  1661,  at  the  age  of  66.  An  oil-portrait  of  him  is 
in  the  possession  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

His  eldest  son,  John  Clarke,  also  a  physician,  died  at  Boston,  in  1690. 

John  Wilson,  son  of  Rev.  John  Wilson,  pastor  of  the  first  church 

■with  the  supernatural.  The  earliest  surgeons  of  which  there  is  any  record  were  the 
Egyptian  priests  ;  and  Mr.  Keurick  says  that  "on  the  walls  of  the  ruined  temples  of 
Thebes  basso-relievos  have  been  found  displaying  surgical  operations  and  instruments 
not  far  different  from  some  in  use  in  modern  times."  The  skill  of  the  early  physicians 
in  embalming  the  bodies  of  the  dead  is  conceded  by  all  historians  to  have  been  great. 
In  Greece,  surgery  is  as  old  as  her  mythical  period  of  history.  According  to  Grecian 
poets,  fifty  years  before  the  Trojan  war,  (1'242  B.  C.,)  Melampus,  Chiron,  and  his  dis- 
ciple Esculapius,  accompanied  an  expedition  as  surgeons.  In  the  Trojan  war  two  sons 
of  Esculapius — Machaon  and  Podalirius — took  care  of  the  wounded  Greeks.  Venesec- 
tion and  circumcision  were  among  the  earliest  surgical  operations  of  which  we  have 
any  account.  The  Asclepiades  are  represented  as  descendants  or  followers  of  Escu- 
lapius, the  son  of  Apollo,  who  was  deified  on  account  of  his  great  skill  in  medicine, 
about  fifty  years  before  the  Trojan  war.  Damocedes  was  eminent  as  a  surgeon,  (600 
B.  C.,)  and,  being  taken  prisoner  by  the  Persians,  reduced  the  dislocated  ankle  of  Da- 
rius and  cured  the  cancerous  breast  of  his  queen,  Atosa,  after  the  Egyptian  physicians 
had  failed.  As  might  be  expected,  the  want  of  exact  anatomical  knowledge  retarded 
progress.  The  founding  of  the  Alexandria  school,  under  Ptolemy,  (300  B.  C.,)  led  to 
the  study  of  anatomy.  Heropbilus  and  Erasistratus  were  eminent  teachers  in  this 
university,  and  are  said  to  have  inaugurated  the  practice  of  dissecting  the  human 
body.  It  is  probable  that  the  use  of  the  tourniquet,  the  catheter,  the  crushing  of  stone, 
and  the  mode  of  extirpating  tumors  were  invented  by  them  or  their  pupils.  Galen 
practiced  both  medicine  and  surgery  at  Rome  in  the  latter  half  of  the  second  century. 
The  history  of  the  advance  of  surgery  in  the  different  countries  of  Europe  siuce  the 
Christian  era  is  much  the  same. 

The  term  "barber-surgeon"  became  common  at  a  time  when  the  art  of  surgery  aud 
the  art  of  shaving  were  performed  in  Eugland,  France,  and  other  countries  by  the 
same  person.     In  former  times  surgery  was  ranked  as  the  third  branch  of  medicine. 

The  title  "  surgeon  "  or  "  chirurgeon  "  first  appears  to  have  been  recognized  by  law 
in  England  in  1299.  The  title  "barber-surgeon"  is  much  older,  probably  originating 
during  the  early  or  Middle  Ages  among  some  of  the  communities  of  the  shaven  priest- 
hood, which  was  for  many  centuries  an  educated,  numerous,  aud  influential  order  in 
France  and  Great  Britain.  Long  anterior  to  this  period,  however,  it  was  common  for 
the  art  of  the  surgeon  and  of  the  physician  to  be  exercised  by  the  priests.  This  is  evi- 
dent from  the  fact  that  in  993  the  fourth  Lateran  council  prohibited  the  regular  clergy 
from  performing  any  operation  in  surgery  "involving  the  shedding  of  blood."  0Pera" 
tions  with  the  knife  after  this  were  assigned  chiefly  to  seculars  and  clerks,  the  chief 
part  naturally  falling  to  the  tonsorial  craft,  who  were  in  daily  attendance  on  the  priest- 
physicians  ;  and  the  barbers,  from  their  vocation,  possessing  the  necessary  skill  in  the 
use  of  sharp  instruments,  were  naturally  assigned  to  this  duty,  under  the  direction  of 
the  priests.  Their  ambition  and  their  habit  of  rendering  personal  services  suited  them 
to  perform  the  duties  devolving  upon  a  chirurgeon  of  that  period.  The  priests  were 
not  at  that  time  prohibited  from  practicing  medicine.  In  1131  the  seventh  Lateran 
council  forbade  the  monks  and  regular  canons  pursuing  the  study  of  civil  law  aud 
medicine.  But  the  council  of  Tours,  in  1163,  finding  that  the  practice  of  surgery  was 
still  to  some  extent  followed  by  the  clergy,  they  were  positively  interdicted  from  all 
surgical  operations.  This  regulation  still  further  tended  to  throw  business  into  the 
hands  of  the  barber-surgeons  and  apothecaries.     In  France  a  company  of  barber-sur- 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  15 

built  in  Boston,  was  born  in  1G21,  and  graduated  from  Harvard  College, 
in  1612,  at  tbe  first  class-commencement  of  that  institution,  lie  was 
sbortly  afterward  installed  minister  of  Medfield,  and  acted  for  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  lived,  as  pastor,  school- master,  and  physician,  until 
bis  death,  August  29,  1691. 

geons  was  formed  in  1096.  They  were  at  the  same  time  keepers  of  the  baths,  and  for 
several  centuries  retained  possession  of  this  branch  of  medicine. 

In  Great  Britain,  early  iu  the  fourteenth  century,  the  barber-surgeons  became  influ- 
ential as  a  class  and  their  services  important  to  the  kings.  The  first  assemhly  of  the 
craft  in  England  was  composed  of  Roger  Strippo,  W.  Ilobbs,  T.  Goddard,  and  Richard 
Kent,  since  which  time  they  built  their  hall  in  Monkwell  street.  Entries  and  records 
relating  to  the  company  from  i:>09  to  1377  are  to  be  seen  in  their  books  at  the  Guild- 
hall Chamber;  also  the  by-laws  of  the  company  in  1387  and  an  act  of  Parliament  of 
1420  relating  to  the  company. 

In  the  second  expedition  against  France,  in  1417,  Thomas  Morestide  and  William 
Bredewardyn  were  empowered  by  a  warrant  from  the  king  to  press  as  many  surgeons 
and  instrument-makers  into  their  service  as  they  could  find  in  the  city  of  Loudon  or 
elsewhere.  The  barber-surgeons  were  once  an  important  company  in  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, and  were  then  the  chief  if  not  the  only  operating  surgeons.  This  company  was 
formed  some  time  previous  to  its  incorporation,  through  the  influence  of  Thomas  Mores- 
tide,  esq.,  one  of  the  sheriffs  of  London,  in  1436.  He  was  chirurgeon  to  three  kings  of 
England,  Henry  IV,  Heury  V,  and  Henry  VI,  and  died  in  1450. 

Jaqnes  Fries  and  AVilliam  Hobbs,  physicians  to  Edward  IV  in  1461,  along  with  the 
prince  and  his  brother  Gloster,  under  the  patronage  of  St.  Cosme  and  Damianus,  became 
founders  of  the  corporation  or  brotherhood,  under  the  name  of  the  Masters  or  Gov- 
ernors of  the  Mystery  or  Commonalty  of  Barbers  of  London.  The  charter  bears  date 
February  24, 1461,  aud  has  the  royal  seal  in  green  wax.  From  this  period  the  barber- 
surgeons  are  known  to  have  conducted  the  business  with  regularity  as  a  body  cor- 
porate. 

There  was  a  distinction  observed  in  the  robe  or  dress  of  the  chirurgeon  proper  (who 
had  also  studied  physic)  aud  the  barber-chirurgeon.  The  former  was,  therefore,  allowed 
to  wear  the  long  robe,  or  gown,  and  a  particular  style  of  cap. 

By  virtue  of  the  first  act  of  Parliament,  persons  (not  barbers)  were  admitted  to  the 
practice  of  surgery  without  possessing  the  proper  qualifications,  so  that  the  surgeons 
and  barbers  in  the  third  year  of  Henry  VIII,  1512,  obtained  an  act  of  Parliament  to 
prevent  all  such  persons  from  practicing  surgery  within  the  city  of  London  and  seven 
miles  of  the  same.  This  latter  condition  is  a  privilege  enjoyed  and  enforced  by  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  of  London  at  the  present  day.  Holbein  has  commemorated 
in  a  fine  painting  the  event  of  Henry  VIII  delivering  the  charter  to  the  barber-surgeons> 
the  court  of  assistance,  and  the  company.  This  picture,  which  is  10  by  6  feet,  still  in 
good  condition,  is  preserved  in  the  company's  hall  in  Monkwell  street.  An  engraving 
of  it  was  made  by  B.  Barron,  in  1726,  the  plate  of  which  is  preserved  by  the  company, 
with  many  other  paintings  of  historical  value  to  the  profession.  The  surgeons  who 
were  present  at  the  reception  of  the  charter  occupy  positions  in  the  picture  aud  aro 
represented  as  dressed  in  gowns  trimmed  with  fur.  Their  names  are  painted  on  their 
persons.  Thomas  Vicary,  (then  master,)  John  Chambre,  William  Butts,  and  J.Alsop, 
who  at  the  time  were  past-masters,  are  placed  on  the  right  of  the  king,  who  is  seated 
in  his  royal  robes  and  crowned.  On  his  left  aro  Thomas  Vicary,  J.  Aylef,  N.  Symson, 
E.  Harman,  J.  Monforde,  J.  Pen,  N.  Alcocke,  B.  Fereis,  W.  Tylby,  and  X.  Samon. 

T.  Vicary  is  reputed  to  have  been  the  author  of  the  first  work  on  anatomy  written 
in  the  English  language. 

In  1515,  the  sixth  year  of  Henry  VIII's  reign,  the  practicing  barbers  or  surgeons, 
numbering    19,  were,  "in  consideration  of  their  constant  attendance  upon  patients, 


16  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

Thornas  Boylston,  father  of  the  distinguished  Dr.  Zabdiel  Boylston, 
was  born  at  Watertown,  January  26,  1G37,  and  subsequently  settled,  as 
a  physician  andchirurgeon,  at  Brookline,  of  which  town  he  was  unques- 
tionably the  first  resident  physician.    He  died  iu  1695. 

The  first  person  executed  in  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  was  Margaret 

exempted  by  Parliament  from  serving  in  ward-  or  parish-offices,  but  likewise  from  all 
military  service."  The  surgeons,  increasing  in  number,  in  time  erected  themselves 
into  an  independent  or  separate  society  from  the  barbers.  Representing  to  Parliament 
the  embarrassments  they  were  laboring  under,  the  subject  was  taken  under  considera- 
tion, and,  for  the  mutual  interests  of  each,  an  act  was  passed  under  the  appellation  of 
the  Masters  or  Governors  of  the  Mystery  or  Commonalty  of  Barbers  and  Surgeons 
of  London.  This  act  strictly  enjoined  all  persons  practicing  the  art  of  shaving  not  to 
intermeddle  with  that  of  surgery,  except  what  belongs  to  the  drawing  of  teeth ;  so 
does  it  likewise  all  surgeons  from  following  the  practice  of  shaving. 

In  1544  Parliament  again  took  the  subject  into  consideration  to  promote  the  practice 
of  surgery  and  medicine,  and  to  encourage  all  persons  skilled  in  the  nature  of  herbs, 
roots,  and  waters  to  exert  themselves  iu  the  exercise  thereof  for  the  relief  and  cure  of 
wounded  and  distressed  objects  of  compassion ;  and,  among  other  things,  provided  for 
each  of  the  arts  of  shaving  and  surgery,  "  that  the  said  mystery,  and  all  the  men  of  the 
same  mystery  of  the  same  city,  should  be  one  body  and  one  perpetual  community,  and 
that  their  principals  of  the  same  commonalty  of  the  most  expert  men  iu  the  mystery  ot 
surgery  might,  with  the  assent  of  twelve,  or  eight  persons  at  the  least,  of  the  same  com- 
munity, every  year  elect  and  make  out  of  their  community  two  masters  or  governors, 
with  authority  to  make  statutes  and  ordinances  for  the  government  of  the  said  mys- 
tery," &c. 

This  act  at  once  united,  and  at  the  same  time  separated,  the  two  crafts,  one  being 
commonly  called  The  Barbers  of  London,  the  other  The  Surgeons  of  London.  The 
company  of  surgeons  built  a  new  and  elegant  hall  in  the  Old  Bailey,  where  they  had  a 
large  theater  and  a  dissecting-room  for  teaching  anatomy. 

The  College  of  Physicians  of  Loudon  was  founded  in  1518  and  fully  established  by 
law  in  1523 ;  "  that  the  movers  and  procurers  of  so  good  a  fellowship  for  the  safety 
of  the  lives  of  men  may  be  preserved,  and  the  causes  that  moved  the  King  to  grant  it 
may  be  known,  they  are  both  signified  to  us  in  the  King's  letters-patent,  where  it  ap- 
peareth  that  this  suit  was.made  by  JohnChambre,  Thomas  Lindcre,  and  Fernaudes  de 
Victoria,  all  the  King's  physicians;  and  three  other  physicians,  namely,  Nicholas  Hal- 
lewell,  John  Francis,  and  Robert  Yearly,  and  chiefly  by  the  intercession  of  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  lord  chancellor." 

On  the  15th  of  August,  1G'30,  Charles  I  confirmed  the  rights  and  privileges  granted 
by  former  patents  and  acts  of  Parliament,  and  gave  to  this  company  the  right  to  make 
by-laws  for  the  government  and  order  of  the  society,  in  such  manner  and  under  such 
restrictions  as  therein  mentioned,  and  "  to  make  annual  elections  of  masters  or  gov- 
ernors of  the  said  commonalty,  whereof  two  are  to  be  professors  iu  the  art  and  science 
of  surgery;  and  also  to  elect  ten  of  the  freemen  of  the  society  to  be  examiners  of  the 
surgeons  of  London  during  their  lives." 

Tlio  Barber-Surgeons'  Company  of  London  possess  a  curious  and  valuable  memorial 
in  the  form  of  a  silver  cup,  partly  gilt,  thu  stem  and  body  representing  an  oak-tree, 
from  which  hang  acorns  fashioned,  as  little  bolls.  The  style  is  iu  allusion  to  the  cele- 
brated tree  that  sheltered  Charles  at  Boscobel.  The  cover  of  the  cup  represents  the 
royal  crown  of  England.  The  cup  was  made  by  order  of  Charles  II  and  by  him  pre- 
sented to  the  company,  Charles,  (afterward  Sir  Charles  Scarborough,)  chief  physician 
to  the  King,  being  the  master  of  the  company  at  the  time. 

The  barbiera-dhirurgeons  were  separated  from  the  barbiers-permquiers  in  Frauce,  in  the 
time  of  Loni    XIV,  and  made  distinct  corporations. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  17 

Jones,  a  physician  and  iloctress.  Being-  charged  with  witchcraft,  it 
appeared  upon  examination  "that  she  had  such  a  malignant  touch,  as 
many  persons  were  taken  with  deafness  or  vomiting,  or  other  violent 
pains  or  sickness;  her  medicines,  though  harmless  in  themselves, 
yet  had  extraordinarily  violent  effects;  that  such  as  refused  her  medi- 

By  the  year  1745  it  was  pretty  generally  recognized  that  the  two  arts  which  the 
company  professed  were  foreign  to  and  independent  of  each  other;  and  hy  an  act  of 

Parliament,  (No.  18,  George  III,)  to  take  effect  Juno  24,  174."»,  entitled  "An  act  for 
making  the  surgeons  and  barbers  of  London  two  distinct  and  separate  corporations," 
they  were  SO  separated. 

Lord  Thurlow,  in  the  House  of  Peers,  July  17,  1797,  in  his  speech  opposing  the  sur- 
geons' incorporation  bill,  said  that,  "by  a  statute  still  in  force,  the  barbers  and  sur- 
geons were  each  to  use  a  pole.  The  barbers  were  to  have  theirs  blue  and  white,  striped, 
with  no  other  appendage  ;  but  the  surgeons,  whose  pole  was  the  same  iu  other  respects, 
were  to  have  a  gallipot  and  a  red  flag  in  addition,  to  denote  the  particular  nature  of 
their  vocation." 

Anterior  to  the  art  of  printing,  the  barbers,  or  rather  the  barber-surgeons,  are  repre- 
sented in  different  illuminated  manuscripts  as  using  a  pole  colored  red.  It  is  probable 
that  the  origin  of  the  pole  was  from  the  fact  that  the  barbers,  in  practicing  phlebotomy, 
c  bused  their  patients  to  extend  the  arm  and  grasp  a  small  pole  or  cane  to  steady  the  arm 
aud  make  the  blood  How  more  freely.  Convenience  suggested  a  pole  for  this  special 
purpose  ;  and,  to  prevent  its  being  stained,  it  was  painted  red.  Such  a  pole  was  hung 
out  at  the  door,  with  the  white  bandages  wouud  around  it,  as  a  symbol  of  their  voca- 
tion. This  practice,  no  doubt,  led  to  painting  the  pole  in  various  colors  aud  stripes,  as 
red  and  white,  blue  and  white,  and,  perhaps,  red,  white,  and  blue. 

Prior  to  the  late  rebellion,  the  colors  used  on  barbers'  poles  in  the  United  States 
were  red  and  white  only.  It  is  a  noticeable  fact,  however,  that  the  patriotism  of  the 
barbers  of  the  country  during  the  war  with  the  South  has  induced  them  to  adopt  almost 
universally  the  national  colors  for  their  poles,  so  that  now  they  are  mostly  striped  with 
red,  white,  and  blue. 

In  Constantinople  the  barbers  still  act  as  surgeons  and  dentists,  aud  weave  the  teeth 
they  have  drawn,  along  with  beads,  into  fanciful  designs,  and  exhibit  them  at  the  doors 
and  windows.  Some  barbers  of  London,  even  at  the  present  time,  exhibit,  in  their  win- 
dows, the  teeth  they  have  drawn,  as  a  sign  that  pulling  teeth  is  a  part  of  their  business. 
During  the  late  war,  a  barber  by  the  name  of  Striker  had  a  shop  on  Seventh  street,  in 
Washington  City,  opposite  the  Patent-Office,  and  used  to  keep  hanging  at  his  door 
and  windows,  and  in  several  places  in  his  shop,  long  strings  of  human  teeth  that  he  had 
drawn,  to  remind  persons  that,  in  addition  to  shaving  and  cutting  hair,  he  professed  the 
art  of  drawing  teeth. 

There  are  in  the  United  States  but  four  vocations  with  which  I  am  acquainted  that 
adopt  symbols  instead  of  lettered  signs  or  the  exhibition  of  some  implement  of  their 
craft  or  manufacture  as  a  mode  of  announcing  business.  These  are  the  barber,  the 
pawnbroker,  the  tea-  and  spice-dealer,  and  the  tobacconist.  The  latter  has  adopted  the 
figure  of  an  Indian  in  costume,  and  is  the  only  one  of  the  four  originating  in  America. 
The  symbol  of  three  balls,  which  constitutes  the  pawnbrokers'  sign,  is  taken  from  the 
coat  of  arms  of  the  Medici  family,  who  for  centuries  were  leading  physiciaus  iu  Italy, 
and  subsequently  became  wealthy  bankers,  but  retained  on  their  coat  of  arms  the  sign 
of  three  pills,  in  proud  recollection  of  their  ancient  vocation.  The  tea-  and  spice-dealers 
have  adopted  the  figure  of  a  Chinese  in  native  costume,  indicative  of  the  country  from 
which  the  goods  they  offer  for  sale  are  brought. 

For  the  information  in  this  note  I  am  indebted  to  Entick's  and  also  to  Allen's  History 
of  London,  Rowland  on  the  Human  Hair,  Larwood's  History  of  Sign-boards,  and  to 
numerous  encyclopedias  and  other  works. 
2  m  p 


/ 


18  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 


eines  she  would  tell  that  they  would  never  be  healed,  and  accordingly 
their  diseases  and  hurts  continued  with  relapses  against  the  ordinary 
course,  and  beyond  the  apprehension  of  all  physicians  and  surgeons/1 

Another  doctress,  a  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  who  resided  in  Boston  about 
the  year  1637,  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  very  skillful  midwife.  She 
was  banished  from  the  colouy,  however,  for  agitating  measures  against 
the  state. 

John  Alcock  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1616,  pursued  the  study  of 
medicine  and  practiced  in  Roxbury,  his  native  town,  until  his  death  in 
1C07,  in  the  forty-second  year  of  his  age. 

The  second  .physician  of  Weymouth  was  Dr.  Beal,  who  began  prac- 
tice there  about  1G33.  Tradition  says  that  his  practice  and  reputation 
were  good. 

Samuel  Alcock,  brother  of  Dr.  John  Alcock,  was  born  at  Roxbury 
and  settled  at  Boston  as  a  chirnrgeon.     He  died  March  10,  1677,  at  the 
age  of  39  years. 

Benjamin  Toinpson,  son  of  Rev.  William  Tompson,  resided  at  Rox- 
bury, where  he  enjoyed  considerable  local  celebrity  as  a  physician, 
schoolmaster,  and  poet.  He  was  bom  at  Braintree,  July  G,  1612,  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  in  1662,  and  died  April  13,  1714. 

A  noted  midwife  of  Boston  was  Ruth  Barnaby,  who  practiced  her 
calling  in  that  town  for  more  than  forty  years.  She  was  born  at  Mar- 
blehead,  in  August,  1664,  and  died  February  12,  1765,  aged  101  years- 
During  the  revisitation  of  the  small-pox  in  1764,  although  over  100 
years  old,  she  insisted  on  being  inoculated,  and  thus  escaped  the 
loathsome  disease,  notwithstanding  several  members  of  her  family 
contracted  it. 

Robert  Child,  a  native  of  England,  but  educated  at  Padua  for  the 
medical  profession,  immigrated  to  Massachusetts  as  early  as  1644  and 
located  at  Hingham.  In  1646  he  and  others  were  fined  for  protesting 
against  the  union  of  the  church  and  state.  Dr.  Child  prepared  to  sail 
for  Europe,  in  order  to  lay  his  case  before  Parliament ;  but  the  court, 
anticipating  his  design,  caused  him  to  be  apprehended,  and,  adjudging 
him  guilty  of  contempt,  quadrupled  his  former  fine  and  ordered  his  im- 
prisonment until  payment  was  made.  His  original  intention  in  coming 
to  this  country  was  to  explore  the  mineral  resources  of  the  New  World. 
He  was  a  very  learned  man,  for  the  times,  and  his  bitterest  opponent, 
Governor  John  Winthrop,  spoke  of  him  as  "  a  man  of  quality,  a  gentle- 
man, and  a  scholar." 

Among  the  immigrants  to  New  England  in  1630  was  Dr.  William 
Avery,  a  native  of  England  and  a  subsequent  benefactor  of  Harvard 
College.  He  settled  at  Dedham,  but  afterward  removed  to  Boston, 
where  he  died,  March  18,  1686,  aged  65  years. 

Edward  Winslow,  at  one  time  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  born 
in  Worcestershire,  England,  and  died  of  fever,  near  the  isle  of  Jamaica. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  19 

May  8,  1055.  It  appears  that  lie  possessed  a  knowledge  of  medicine, 
v-  for,  having  visited  Massasoit  and  finding  him  very  sick,  he  prescribed 
for  him,  curing  his  affliction,  which  so  pleased  the  king  that  he  disclosed 
a  plot  of  the  Indians  for  the  destruction  of  the  colony."  It  is  also  inci- 
dentally mentioned  of  him  that  he  was  at  Leyden  previous  to  his  immi- 
gration to  this  country. 

Daniel  Alien,  son  of  Rev.   John  Allen,  the  first   minister  of  Ded- 
ham,  was  born  in  1G5G  and  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1675.    He  re- 
ceived a  medical  education  and  resided  in  Boston,  where  he  probably 
practiced  his  profession.    He  was  librarian  of  the  college-library  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1092. 

Jonathan  Avery,  son  of  Dr.  William  Avery,  was  born  in  Boston;  and 
in  his  will,  made  in  May,  1091,  he  describes  himself  as  "a  resident  of 
Dedham,  a  practitioner  of  physic,  aged  35  years."  A  tradition  existed 
among  the  doctor's  descendants  that  he  was  a  believer  in  alchemy  and 
spent  much  of  his  time  in  chemical  studies. 

In  1062  Dr.  John  Teuton,  a  native  of  Eochelle,  in  France,  applied  to 
the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  for  the  privilege  of  settling  in  the 
colony  for  himself  and  fellow-Protestants. 

Dr.  Oliver  Noyes,  a  representative  of  Boston,  died  in  1721,  aged  48 
years.    He  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1695  and  was  highly  esteemed. 

Benjamin  Bullivant,  a  gentleman  of  noble  family,  practiced  medicine 
in  Boston  in  1686,  and  became  distinguished  for  skill  in  his  profession, 
and  as  a  pharmacist  had  no  equal  in  Boston.  He  was  an  excellent 
scholar,  was  appointed  attorney-general,  and  discharged  the  trust  with 
credit.  He  was  one  of  the  wardens  of  the  first  Episcopal  church  built 
in  Boston. 

Benjamin  Ware,  a  physician  of  AVrentham,  was  born  in  that  town 
July  8,  16S8,  and  died  January  18,  1741,  much  respected  as  a  physician 
and  citizen. 

Dr.  Nathaniel  White  was  born  in  AVeymouth  in  1690  and  died  in 
1758,  having  held  a  good  reputation  and  practice  and  during  life  dis- 
charged several  public  trusts  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  people. 

Dr.  Francis  Lee  Baron  practiced  medicine  in  Plymouth  from  1693  to 
1701,  the  date  of  his  death. 

Nathaniel  Phillips  resided  in  Boston  at  an  early  date,  and  kept  an 
apothecary-shop  in  Orange  (now  Washington)  street,  at  the  corner  of 
Bennet. 

Thomas  Thacher,  (usually  spelled  Thatcher,)  whocame  to  New  England 
in  1035,  was  educated  in  medicine  as  well  as  theology,  and  his  duties  as 
a  physician  occupied  much  of  his  time.  He  was  made  minister  of  Wey- 
mouth in  lGlf,  but  accepted  a  pastorate  in  Boston  at  a  later  period. 
His  professional  career  is  distinguished  by  the  publication,  in  1077,  of 
the  first  contribution  to  medical  literature  in  America,  under  the  title 
of  a  "  Brief  Jule  to  Guide  the  Common  People  of  New  England  how  to 


20 


CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 


Order  themselves  and  theirs  in  the  Small  Pocks,  or  Measels."  '     Dr.  T. 

'The  article  is  printed  in  doable  column,  on  one  side,  as  a  poster,  15$  by  10$  inches  , 
and  reads  as  follows: 

BRIEF  RULE 

To  guide  the  Common  People  of 

NEW-ENGLAND 

How  to  order  themselves  and  theirs  in  the 

Small  Pocks,  or  Measels. 


The  small  Pox  (whose  nature  and  cure 
the  Measels  follow)  is  a  disease  in  the  blood, 
endeavouring  to  recover  a  new  form  and 
state. 

2.  This  nature  attempts— 1.  By  Separa- 
tion of  the  impure  from  the  pure,  thrust- 
ing it  out  from  the  Veins  to  the  Flesh. — 2. 
By  driving  out  the  impure  from  the  Flesh 
to  the  Skin. 

3.  The  first  Separation  is  done  in  the 
first  four  dayes  by  a  Feaverish  boyling 
(Ebullition)  of  the  Blood,  laying  down  the 
impurities  in  the  Fleshy  parts  which  kindly 
effected  the  Feaverish  tumult  is  calmed. 

4.  The  second  Sepai-ation  from  the  Flesh 
to  the  Skin,  or  Superficies  is  done  through 
the  rest  of  the  time  of  the  disease. 

5.  There  are  several  Errors  in  ordering 
these  sick  ones  in  both  these  Operations 
of  .Nature  which  prove  very  dangerous 
and  commonly  deadly  either  by  overmuch 
hastening  Nature  beyond  its  own  pace,  or 
in  hindering  of  it  from  its  own  vigorous 
operation. 

b\  The  Separation  by  Ebullition  in  the 
Feaverish  heat  is  over  heightned  by  too 
much  Clothes,  too  hot  a  room,  hot  Cordials, 
as  Diascordium,  Gaseous  powder  and  such 
like,  for  hence  come  Phrenzies,  dangerous 
excessive  sweats,  or  the  flowing  of  the 
Pocks  into  one  overspreading  sore,  vul- 
arly  called  the  Flox. 

7.  The  same  seperation  is  overmuch  hin- 
dred  by  preposterous  cooling  that  Feaver- 
ish boyling  heat,  by  blood  letting,  Clysters, 
Vomits,  purges,  or  cooling  medicines.  For 
though  these  many  times  hasten  the  com- 
ing forth  of  the  Pox,  yet  they  take  away 
that  supply  which  should  keep  them  out 
till  they  are  ripe,  wherefore  they  sink  in 
again  to  the  deadly  danger  of  the  sick. 

8.  If  a  Phrensie  happen,  or  through  a 
Plethoric  (that  is  fulness  of  blood)  the  Cir- 
culation of  the  blood  he  hiudred,  and  there- 
upon the  whole  mass  of  blood  choaked  up, 
then  either  let  blood,  Orsee  that  their  diet, 
or  medicines  be  not  altogether  cooling,  but 
let  them  in  no  wise  be  heating,  therefore 
let  him  lye  no  otherwise  covered  in  his  bed 
thai)  he  was  wont  in  health  :  His  Cham- 
ber not  made  hot  with  fire  if  the  weather 
be  temperate,  let  him  drink  small  Beer  only 
warm'd  with  a  Tost,  let  him  sup  up  thin 
water-gruel,  <>r  water-pottage  made  only  of 
Indian  Flour  and  water,  instead  of  Oat- 
meal:    Let  him  eat  boild  Apples:    But  I 


would  not  advise  at  this  time  any  medi- 
cine besides.  By  this  means  that  exces- 
sive Ebullition  (or  boyling  of  his  blood)  will 
by  degrees  abate,  and  the  Symptoms  cease; 
If  not,  but  the  blood  be  so  iuraged  that  it 
will  admit  no  delay,  then  either  let  blood 
(if  Age  will  bear  it)  or  else  give  some 
notably  cooling  medicine,  or  refresh  him 
with  more  free  Air. 

9.  But  if  the  boiling  of  the  blood  be  weak 
and  dull  that  there  is  cause  to  fear  it  is  not 
able  to  work  a  Separation,  as  it's  wont  to 
be  in  such  as  have  been  let  blood,  or  are 
fat,  or  Flegmatick,  or  brought  low  by  some 
other  sickness  or  labour  of  the  (Gonorrhea) 
running  of  the  Reins,  or  some  other  Evacu- 
ation :  In  such  Cases,  Cordials  must  drive 
them  out,  or  they  must  dy. 

10.  In  time  of  driving  out  the  Pocks  from 
the  Flesh,  here  care  must  be  had  that  the 
Pustules  keep  out  in  a  right  measure  till 
they  have  attain'd  their  end  without  going 
in  again,  for  that  is  deadly. 

11.  In  this  time  take  heed  wheu  the  Pus- 
tules appear  whilst  not  yet  ripe,  least  by 
too  much  heat  there  arise  a  new  Ebullition 
(or  Feaverish  boyling)  for  this  troubles 
the  driving  out,  or  brings  back  the  separa- 
ted parts  into  the  blood,  or  the  Fleshy 
parts  over-heated  are  disabled  from  a  right 
suppuration,  or  lastly  the  temper  of  the 
blood  and  tone  of  the  Flesh  is  so  perverted 
that  it  cannot  overcome  and  digest  the 
matter  driven  out. 

12.  Yet  on  the  other  hand  the  breaking 
out  must  not  be  kindred,  by  exposing  the 
sick  uuto  the  cold.  The  degree  of  heat 
must  be  such  as  is  natural  agrees  with  the 
temper  of  the  fleshy  parts :  That  which 
exceeds  or  falls  short  is  dangerous  :  There- 
fore the  season  of  the  year,  Age  of  the  sick, 
and  their  manner  of  life  here  require  a  dis- 
creet and  different  Consideration,  requir- 
ing the  Counsel  of  au  expert  Pkysitiau. 

13.  But  if  by  any  error  a  new  Ebullition 
ariseth,  the  same  art  must  be  used  to  allay 
it  as  is  before  exprest. 

14.  If  the  Pu8tle8  go  in  and  a  flux  of  the 
belly  follows  (for  else  there  is  no  such 
danger)  then  Cordials  are  to  be  used,  yet 
moderate  and  not  too  often  for  fear  of  new 
Ebullition. 

15.  If  much  spitting  (Ptyalismus)  follow, 
you  may  hope  all  will  g<  "well,  therefore 
by  no  means  hinder  it:  'July  with  warm 

small  Beer  let  their  mou^as  bo   washed. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRI.ss. 


21 


died  of  a  contagious  disease,  at  Boston,  October  15,  1G7S,  in  the  fifty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age. 


16.  When  the  Pustles  are  dryed  and  fal- 
len, purge  well,  especially  if  it  be  iu  J*(- 
tumn. 

17.  As  soon  as  tliis  disease  therefore  ap- 
pears by  its  signs,  let  the  sick  abstein  from 
Flesh  and  Wine,  and  open  Air,  let  him  use 
small  Beer  warmed  with  a  Tost  for  his  or- 
dinary drink,  and  moderately  when  he 
desires  it.  For  food  use  water-gruel,  water- 
pottage  and  other  things  having  no  mani- 
fest hot  quality,  easy  of  digestion,  boild 
Apples,  and  milk  sometimes  for  change, 
but  the  coldness  taken  off.  Let  the  use  of 
his  bed  be  according  to  the  season  of  the 
year,  and  the  multitude  of  the  Pocks,  or  as 
sound  persons  are  wont.  In  Summer  let  him 
rise  according  to  custome,  yet  so  as  to  be 
defended  both  from  heat  and  cold  in  Ex- 
cess, the  disease  will  be  the  sooner  over 
and  less  troublesome  for  being  kept  in  bed 
nourisheth  the  Feaverish  heat  and  makes 
the  Pocks  break  out  with  painful  inclina- 
tion. 

l'J.  In  a  colder  season,  and  breaking 
forth  of  a  multitude  of  Pustules,  forcing  the 
sick  to  keep  his  bed,  let  him  be  covered 
according  to  his  custome  in  health,  a 
moderate  fire  in  the  winter  being  kindled 
in  his  Chamber,  morning  and  Evening: 
neither  need  he  keep  his  Arms  alwayes  in 
bed,  or  ly  still  in  the  same  place,  for  fear 
least  he  should  sweat  which  is  very  dan- 
gerous especially  to  youth. 

20.  Before  the  fourth  day  use  no  medi- 
cines to  drive  out,  nor  be  too  strict  with  the 
sick ;  for  by  how  much  the  more  gently 
the  Pustules  do  grow,  by  so  much  the  ful- 
ler and  perfecter  will  the  Separation  be. 

21.  On  the  fourth  day  a  gentle  Cordial 
may  help  once  given. 

'22.  From  that  time  a  small  draught  of 
warm  milk  (uot  hot)  a  little  dy'd  with 
Saffron  may  be  given  morning  and  even- 
ing till  the  Pustules  are  come  to  their  due 
greatness  and  ripeness. 

23.  When  the  Pustules  begin  to  dry  and 
crust,  least  the  rotten  vapours  strike  in- 
ward, which  sometimes  causeth  sudden 
death ;  Take  morning  ami  evening  some 
temperate  Cordial  as  four  or  five  spoonfuls 
of  Malaga  Wine  tinged  with  a  little  Saffron. 

24.  When  the  Pustules  are  dryd  and  fal- 
len off,  purge  once  and  again,  especially  in 
the  Autumn  Pods. 

25.  Bewareof  anointing  with  Oils,  Fulls, 
Ointments,  and  such  defensives,  for  keeping 
the  corrupted  matter  in  the  Pustules  from 
drying  up;  by  the  moisture,  they  fret 
deeper  into  the  Flesh,  aud  so  make  the 
more  deep  Scarrs. 

26.  The  young  and  lively  men  that  are 
brought  to  a  plentiful  sweat  in  this  sick- 
ness, about  the  eighth  day  the  sweat  stops 
of  it  self,  by  no  nieaus  afterwards  to  be 
drawn  out  again  ;  the  sick  thereupon  feels 
most  troublesome  disrest  and  anguish,  and 
then  makes  abundance  of  water  and  so 


dyes.  Few  young  men  and  strong  thus 
handled  escape,  except  they  fall  into  abun- 
dance of  spitting  or  plentiful  bleeding  at 
the  nose. 

27.  Signs  discovering  the  Assault  at  first 
are  beating  pain  in  the  head,  Forehead, 
and  temples,  pain  in  the  hack,  great  sleepi- 
ness, glistring  of  the  eyes,  shining  glim- 
merings seem  before  them,  itching  of  them 
also,  with  tears  flowing  of  themselves, 
itching  of  the  Nose,  short  breath,  dry 
Cough,  oft  neezing,  hoarseness,  heat,  red- 
ness, and  sense  of  pricking  over  the  whole 
body,  terrors  in  the  sleep,  sorrow  aud  rest- 
lessness, beating  of  the  heart,  Urine  some- 
times as  in  health,  sometime  filthy  from 
great  Ebullition,  and  all  this  or  many  of 
these  with  a  Feaverish  distemper. 

28.  Signs  warning  of  the  probable  Event. 
If  they  break  forth  easily,  quickly,  aud 
soon  come  to  ripening,  if  the  Symptomes 
be  gentle,  the  Feaver  mild,  and  after  the 
breaking  forth  it  abate ;  If  the  voice  be 
free,  and  breathing  easie  ;  especially  if  the 
Pox  be  red  white,  distinct,  soft,  few,  round, 
sharp  top'd,  only  without  and  not  iu  the 
inward  parts;  if  there  be  large  bleeding 
at  the  nose.     These  signs  are  hopeful. 

2D.  But  such  signs  are  doubtful,  when 
they  difficultly  appear,  when  they  sink  in 
again,  when  they  are  black,  blewish,  green, 
hard,  all  iu  oue,  if  the  Feaver  abate  not 
with  their  breaking  forth,  if  there  be 
Swooning,  difficulty  of  breathing,  great 
thirst,  quinsey,  great  uuquietuess,  aud  it  is 
very  dangerous,  if  there  be  ioyu'd  with 
it  some  other  malignant  Feaver,  called  by 
some  the  pestilential  Pox  :  the  Shotted  Fea- 
rer is  oft  joyned  with  it. 

30  Deadly  Signs  if  the  Flux  of  the  Belly. 
happen,  when  they  are  broke  forth,  if  the 
Urine  be  bloody,  or  black,  or  the  Ordure  of 
that  Colour;  Or  if  pure  blood  be  cast  out 
by  the  Belly  or  Gumms  :  These  Signs  are 
for  the  most  part  deadly. 

These  things  hare  I  written  Candid  Reader, 
not  to  inform  the  Learned  Physitian  that  hath 
much  more  cause  to  understand  what  pertains 
to  this  disease  than  I,  but  to  give  some  light 
to  those  that  hare  not  such  advantages,  leaving 
th<'  difficult!/  of  this  disease  to  the  Physitians 
Art,  irisdume,  and  Faithfulness:  for  the  right 
managing  of  them  in  the  whole  Course  of  the 
disease  tends  both  to  the  Patients  safety,  and 
the  Physitians  disircil  Success  in  his  Admin- 
istrations :  For  in  rain  is  the  Physitians  .//•/ 
imployed  if  they  arc  not  under  a  Regular  Regi- 
ment. I  am,  though  no  Physitian,  yet  a  well 
wisher  to  tin  sick':  And  therefore  intreating 
the  Lord  to  turn  our  hearts,  and  slag  his  hand, 
I  am 

A  Friend,  Reader  to  thy 

Welfare, 
THOMAS  TEACHER, 

3,11.  167| 


BOSTON,  Printed  and  sold  by  John  Foster,  1677, 


22  /contributions  to  the 

The  minister  of  Melton,  about  1G72,  was  Teter  Thatcher,  a  man  of 
considerable  skill  in  medicine.  He  was  born  at  Salem  in  1G51  and  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  in  1G71.  Tradition  says  that  he  expended  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  his  annual  salary  in  procuring  medicines  for  the  sick 
poor.    He  died  December  27,  1727. 

In  1G69  Henry  Taylor,  surgeon,  of  Boston,  had  his  rate  omitted  in 
consideration  of  his  agreement  to  attend  to  the  sick  poor. 

In  1671  Dr.  Samuel  Stone  agreed  to  attend  to  "  the  town's  poor  for 
twenty  shillings  in  money  and  a  remittance  of  taxes." 

Several  physicians  of  the  name  of  Clarke  resided  and  practiced  in 
Boston  and  vicinity  about  this  period. 

Dr.  Thomas  Oaks,  a  Harvard  alumnus  of  1GG2,  and  William  Hughes 
practiced  medicine  in  Boston  between  1685  and  1G95.  The  former,  a  very 
pious  man,  was  chosen  a  representative  in  1G89  and  died  in  1719,  aged 
75  years. 

Elisha  Cooke,  who  was  born  September  16,  1637,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1657,  was  a  popular  physician  and  politician.  He  was  one 
of  the  counselors  of  Massachusetts  in  1690  and  married  a  daughter  of 
Governor  Leveritt.  He  died  in  1715,  in  the  seventy-eighth  year  of 
his  age.  His  son,  bearing  the  same  name,  succeeded  him  in  practice,  but 
died  in  1737. 

The  above-mentioned  and  other  physicians  devoted  themselves  to 
medicine  in  Massachusetts  and  adjoining  provinces  before  the  close  of 
the  seventeenth  century. 

MEDICAL  PIONEERS  IN  MASSACHUSETTS — EIGHTEENTH    CENTURY. 

Early  in  the  eighteenth  century,  Dr.  Nathaniel  Williams,  a  graduate 
from  Harvard  in  1693,  combined  the  professions  of  medicine  and  the- 
ology. His  death  occurred  in  1739.  He  published  in  1721  a  pamphlet 
on  the  inoculation  of  the  small-pox. 

Dr.  Zabdiel  Boylston,  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Boylston,  of  Brookline, 
was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1681  and  died  in  176G,  after  a  long  and 
honorable  professional  career.  He  introduced  the  practice  of  inocula. 
tion  into  America  in  1721,  meeting  at  first  with  great  and  violent  opposi- 
tion, which  he  was  able  eventually  by  prudence  and  perseverance  to 
overcome.  He  published,  in  172G,  a  historical  account  of  inoculation  in 
Boston.  He  also  made  communications  to  the  Royal  Society,  of  which 
he  was  a  member. 

William  Douglass,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was  educated  at  Ley- 
den  and  Taris  as  a  physician  and  immigrated  in  1718  to  Boston,  where  he 
died,  October  21,  1752.  He  was  an  author  of  some  ability.  He  was  ex- 
tremely hostile  to  the  practice  of  inoculation  and  opposed  it  through 
the  public  press  and  by  a  pamphlet  published  in  1722  and  an  essay  on 
small-pox  in  1730.  He  published,  besides,  an  essay  on  epidemic  fever  in 
1736  and  in  1719  and  1755  a  work  entitled  The  British  Settlements 
in  North  America,  in  two  volumes. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  23 

Drs.  Lawrence  Dalhounde  ami  Joseph  Marion  were  practicing  in  Bos- 
ton at  the  same  period,  and  were  supporters  of  Dr.  Douglass,  and  also 
opposed  the  practice  of  inoculation,  and  made  a  sworn  deposition  of  their 
personal  experience  of  its  dangerous  character. 

Drs.  Isaac  Rand,  Samuel  Gelston  of  Nantucket,  and  William  Aspin- 
wall,  M.  D.,  "were  leaders  in  inoculation  in  Massachusetts  when  small- 
pox was  repeatedly  epidemic.  The  first-named  died  June  19,  1719, 
aged  G3  years.  lie  was  a  native  of  Charlestown  and  a  student  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Graves,  of  that  place.  The  last-mentioned,  a  native  of 
Brookliue,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1764,  and,  having  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Benjamin  Gale,  of  Connecticut,  completed  his  medical 
education  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  obtained  the  degree  of  M.  B.,  in 
17GS.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army  and  one  of  the  most 
prominent  medical  men  of  his  time  in  America.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  success  in  treating  small-pox  and  maintained  for  many  years  a 
private  hospital  near  Boston  for  the  inoculation  of  the  same.  He 
promptly  abandoned  this  practice  on  the  introduction  of  vaccination, 
which  was  thoroughly  tested  by  him  in  his  own  hospital. 

John  Cutler  was  a  physician  of  eminence  during  the  early  part  of  the 
century  and  was  the  preceptor  of  many  medical  men  who  rose  to  emi- 
nence. 

Sylvester  Gardiner,  a  native  of  Kingston,  R.  I.,  enjoyed  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  good  physician  and  surgeon.  He  was  the  proprietor  of  a  large 
apothecary-store  in  Boston.     He  died  in  17S6,  aged  68  years. 

Benjamin  Church,  who  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1751,  aud 
subsequently  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Pynchon,  was  popular  as  a 
physician  and  a  man  of  learning  and  was  appointed  first  surgeon-gen- 
eral of  the  Continental  Army,  but  was  dismissed  and  imprisoned  for 
some  treasonable  correspondence.  After  languishing  in  prison  for  a 
year,  he  obtained  permission  to  go  to  the  West  Indies ;  but  the  vessel  in 
which  he  sailed  was  never  heard  of  again. 

Dr.  James  Lloyd,  a  native  of  Long  Island,  died  in  Boston,  in  1810, 
aged  82  years.  He  received  his  medical  education  in  Europe  and  was 
held  in  high  esteem  for  his  medical  skill. 

Drs.  Thomas  Bulfmch,  father  and  son,  were  physicians  of  large  busi- 
ness in  Boston  towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Dr.  Miles  Wentworth  attended  many  of  the  wounded  patriots  during 
the  siege  of  Boston. 

Dr.  Nathaniel  Perkins  practiced  in  Boston  prior  to  the  Revolution. 

Drs.  William  Lee  Perkins,  M.  Whitworth,  Lord,  John  Perkins,  Philip 
Godfrey,  Roberts,  Barret,  Charles  Pynchon,  and  Benjamin  Curtis,  all 
practiced  medicine  in  Boston  about  the  year  17G4  and  were  in  good 
repute.  The  last-named  graduated  at  Harvard,  and  after  leaving  col- 
lege studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Joseph  Gardiner  and  settled  in  Boston, 
maintaining  a  good  reputation  and  practice  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  1784,  in  the  thirty-second  year  of  his  age. 


24  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

Joseph  Gardiner  was  held  in  high,  esteem  as  a  physician  and  surgeon, 
and,  although  well-informed,  affected  to  despise  book-learning.  He 
died  in  1788. 

Joseph  Whipple,  a  student  of  the  preceding,  was  a  practitioner  of 
note  and  for  some  time  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society. 
He  acquired  a  large  professional  business  in  Boston,  where  he  resided. 
His  death  occurred  in  1801,  in  the  forty-eighth  year  of  his  age. 

Drs.  Nathaniel  Walker  Appleton  and  Charles  Jarvis,  of  Boston,  were 
contemporaries.  Dr.  Appleton  graduated  at  Harvard,  and  in  1773  began 
the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Holyoke,  of  Salem.  Dr.  Jarvis,  son  of 
Colonel  Jarvis,  having  graduated  at  Harvard  in  17G6,  went  to  Europe  to 
complete  his  education.  After  his  return  he  settled  in  Boston  as  a  phy- 
sician. He  was  a  zealous  patriot  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  strug- 
gle for  independence,  being  a  member  of  the  legislature  and  a  surgeon  in 
the  Army.  He  died,  November  15,  1807,  while  surgeon  of  the  marine 
hospital  at  Charlestown.  His  wife  was  a  granddaughter  of  the  first  Baron 
Pepperille. 

John  Sprague,  having  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1737,  became  the 
pupil  of  Dr.  Dalhounde,  of  Boston,  whose  daughter  he  subsequently  mar- 
ried. He  had  an  extensive  practice  and  was  sent  to  the  convention 
for  framing  a  State-constitution,  in  1779.  He  died  in  1789,  aged  90 
years. 

John  Homans,  having  served  his  country  throughout  the  Bevolution 
as  a  surgeon,  settled  to  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Boston. 

Passing  to  other  towns,  we  meet  with  Dr.  John  Pope,  who  early 
resided  in  Stoughton,  where  he  practiced  medicine,  exacting  no  fee  for 
professional  services  rendered  on  the  Sabbath.  Died  in  Boston  in  179G, 
aged  55. 

Thomas  Little  practiced  in  Plymouth  from  1700  to  1712,  the  year  of 
his  death. 

Joseph  Bichards  was  born  at  Dedham,  April  18, 1701,  and  graduated 
from  Harvard  in  1721.  He  studied  medicine  and  practiced  in  his  native 
town.  He  served  as  a  military  officer,  and  was  a  magistrate  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  February  28,  1761,  being  then  59  years  of  age. 

Elijah  Danforth  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1703  and,  having 
studied  medicine,  commenced  practice  in  Boxbury,  but  removed  to 
Dorchester  some  years  previous  to  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1753. 
He  had  accumulated  a  handsome  fortune  as  the  result  of  his  profes- 
sional labors. 

The  second  regularly-educated  physician  of  Scituate,  Benjamin  Stock- 
bridge,  was  born  in  that  town  in  1701.  He  was  a  student  of  Dr.  Bul- 
finch,  of  Boston,  and  himself  educated  many  young  men  for  the  profes- 
sion. His  practice  extended  over  all  the  old  colony  and  was  considera- 
ble in  Worcester  and  Ipswich. 

John  Corbett  was  the  earliest  physician  of  Belliugham.  His  son  John 
also  practiced  very  successfully  in  the  same  town.     In  the  latter  part  of 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  25 

his  life  his  powers  of  speech  and  locomotion  failed  ;  yet,  with  a  chair  on 
wheels  and  a  well-trained  horse,  he  continued  to  attend  a  large  circle  of 
patients  until  near  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1791. 

^Nathaniel  Ames  was  born  at  Bridgewater,  July  22,  170S,  practiced 
medicine  in  Dedhain,  and  died  at  Dorchester,  July  11,  1704,  at  the  age 
of  5G  years.  Having  acquired  a  local  fame  in  the  science  of  astron- 
omy, he  published  an  almanac  annually  from  1735  to  the  time  of  his 
death. 

Upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Elijah  Danforth,  in  1730,  William  Holden  suc- 
ceeded to  his  practice  in  Dorchester  and  vicinity.  Dr.  Holden  was  born 
at  Cambridge,  March  1,  1713,  and  died  in  Dorchester,  March  30,  17 70. 

Benjamin  Richards  was  born  at  Weymouth  in  1711,  and  died  in  1755. 
He  practiced  medicine  in  his  native  town,  sustained  a  good  professional 
reputation,  and  enjoyed  an  extensive  practice  until  his  death. 

Henry  Turner  died  at  Quincy,  January  21,  1773,  aged  84  years.  He 
was  a  native  of  England,  and  was  educated  in  London  as  an  apothecary, 
immigrated  to  Massachusetts  as  early  as  1715,  but  never  acquired  an 
extensive  practice.  His  son,  bearing  the  same  name,  was  a  regularly- 
educated  physician  and  practiced  in  Quincy  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  previous  to  that  of  his  father. 

The  earliest  physician  of  Dorchester  Tillage,  (now  Canton,)  which 
was  organized  in  1717,  was  Dr.  Belcher.  Tradition  says  of  the  doctor 
that  he  was  no  inconsiderable  athlete,  and  that  he  and  his  minister,  the 
latter  also  a  mighty  wrestler,  unwilling  to  compromise  the  dignity  of 
their  respective  callings  by  a  public  trial  of  strength,  often  retired  alone 
to  the  forest  to  renew  the  sports  of  their  youth. 

Dr.  Jonathan  Thayer,  a  successful  physician  of  Bellingham,  died  in 
1700,  in  the  forty-third  year  of  his  age. 

Isaac  Otis,  a  gentleman  of  uncommon  accomplishments,  was  the  first 
resident  physician  of  Scituate  who  was  regularly  educated  for  the  pro- 
fession.    He  died  in  1718. 

Dr.  Daniel  Bogers,  son  of  Dr.  John  Rogers,  perished  in  a  snow-storm, 
while  visiting  a  patient  on  Hampton  Beach,  December  1,  1722. 

James  Jerauld,  a  native  of  France,  settled  at  Medfield  about  the  year 
1733,  where  he  owned  a  large  estate,  which  he  cultivated  by  slave-labor. 
He  practiced  medicine  successfully  for  many  years,  and  died  October 
17,  1700,  leaving  his  professional  practice  to  his  nephew  and  adopted 
son,  James  Jerauld,  who  also  became  eminent  as  a  medical  man.  The 
latter  died  March  28,  1802,  aged  80.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
convention  for  framing  a  State-constitution. 

Dr.  Ammi  Cutter,  a  native  of  Yarmouth,  Me.,  graduated  at  Har- 
vard, 1752.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Clement  Jackson,  in  Ports- 
mouth, was  appointed  and  served  as  surgeon  to  the  ]S"ew  Hampshire  troops 
in  1758.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution  he  was  commissioned 
surgeon  and  was  appointed  physician-general  of  the  eastern  depart- 
ment, and  always  acquitted  himself  with  credit.   He  died  in  1S20,  aged  85. 


26  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

Dr.  Ezra  Dean,  believed  to  have  been  the  first  physician  that  set  tied 
in  Taunton,  Mass.,  practiced  there  for  many  years.     He  died  in  1737. 

Dr.  William  Dexter  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Edward  Flint,  ot 
Shrewsbury.  He  was  commissioned  in  1775  and  was  in  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill.     He  died  December  1,  1785. 

Joseph  Baxter,  son  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Baxter,  second  minister  of 
Medfield,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1721  and  studied  and  practiced 
medicine.     He  died  of  small-pox,  in  1715. 

John  Wilson,  the  first  resident  physician  of  Braintree,  (now  Quincy,) 
enjoyed  an  excellent  reputation  and  practiced  until  his  death,  in  1727. 
He  probably  finished  his  medical  education  in  London.  His  father,  the 
Rev.  John  Wilson,  was  also  a  physician. 

Ebenezer  Doggett,  the  first  resident  physician  of  Walpole,  died,  Feb- 
ruary 2G,  1782,  of  cancer  of  the  breast.  His  professional  visits  often 
extended  to  Foxboro'  and  Wrentham. 

Edward  Stedman  succeeded  to  the  medical  practice  of  Dr.  John 
Wilson,  who  died  at  Braintree  in  1727. 

William  Whiting,  of  Great  Barrington,  an  eminent  physician,  was  a 
native  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  where  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  John 
Bulkley.  He  settled  at  Great  Barrington  about  1760  and  held  the 
reputation  of  being  the  best  physiciau  in  that  section.  He  was  re- 
spectively judge  of  the  common-pleas  court,  member  of  the  Provincial 
Congress,  and  delegate  to  the  convention  for  framing  the  State-constitu- 
tion in  1779.    He  died  of  dropsy,  December  8,  1792,  aged  03  years. 

Cotton  Tufts  was  born  at  Medford  in  May,  1731,  and  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  1719.  He  studied  medicine  with  his  brother,  Dr.  Simon 
Tufts,  of  Medford,  and  settled  in  Weymouth,  where  he  enjoyed  a  repu- 
tation for  professional  ability  and  had  a  very  large  practice.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  that  adopted  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  served  as  a  member  of  the  State-senate  for  a  number  of  years, 
and  was  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  from  1787  to 
1793.    He  died  December  8,  1815. 

Oliver  Prescott,  a  physician  of  Hanover,  had  conferred  upon  him,  in 
1792,  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  pro  honoris  causa,  by  Harvard.  He  was  born 
April  27,  1731,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1750,  and  received  the  de- 
gree of  A.  M.  in  1753.  He  was  town-clerk  13  and  selectman  32  years. 
He  held  respectively  the  offices  of  major,  lieutenant-colonel,  colonel, 
and  brigadier-general,  previous  to  the  Revolution.  He  was  a  justice 
throughout  the  Commonwealth,  a  member  of  the  board  of  war,  and  a 
member  of  the  council  of  the  State,  and  in  1779  was  appointed  judge  of 
probate  for  Middlesex  County,  which  latter  office  he  retained  during 
life.  In  1778  he  was  appointed  third  major-general  in  the  Continental 
Army  and  in  1781  second  major-general,  but  resigned  soon  after  on  ac- 
count of  sickness.    He  died  November  4,  1801. 

His  son,  Oliver  Prescott,  jr.,  was  also  a  prominent  physician.  He 
entered  Harvard  in  1779,  and  the  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  were  con- 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  27 

ferred  upon  bini  in  duo  coarse.  Having  studied  medicine  with  bis  father 
and  Dr.  Lloyd  of  Boston,  he  settled  in  Groton,  and  soon  acquired  an 
extensive  practice,  not  only  in  that  place,  but  in  several  other  towns  in 
the  vicinity.  He  was  appointed  a  surgeon  in  General  Lincoln's  army, 
raised  in  17S7,  to  suppress  Shay's  rebellion.  He  occupied  the  respective 
offices  of  town-clerk,  chairman  of  the  selectmen,  justice  of  the  peace,  and 
representative  of  the  town  in  the  General  Court  in  1810.  His  reputation 
as  a  physician  was  even  greater  than  that  of  his  father,  though  he  was 
never  so  popular  as  a  man. 

Giles  Crouch  Kellogg,  a  native  of  Iladley,  was  the  adopted  son  of 
Dr.  Crouch,  an  excellent  but  eccentric  physician  of  Hadley,  who  came 
originally  from  England.  '  Jle  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1751,  studied 
medicine,  and  acquired  a  reputation  for  proficiency  in  his  profession.  His 
name  appears  in  the  charter  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society.  He 
died  about  1787,  at  the  age  of  54  years. 

Charles  Stockbridge,  son  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Stockbridge,  was  born  at 
Scituate  in  the  year  1731,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1751,  and  pur- 
sued the  study  of  medicine  under  his  father.  He  was  a  skillful  physi- 
cian, a  gentleman  of  pleasing  manners,  and  accomplished  in  literature. 
Died  in  1806,  aged  72  years. 

John  Metcalf  was  bom  at  Wrentham,  July  3, 1731,  and  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Joseph  Hewes,  of  Providence,  11.  I.  Commenced  practice 
in  Franklin  in  1758,  but  abandoned  it  in  1808,  owing  to  old  age  and  in- 
firmities. He  removed  to  St.  Albans,  Yt.,  where  he  died  August  22, 
1822,  aged  88  years. 

Joseph  Jacobs,  of  Scituate,  was  a  man  of  talent  and  a  skillful  and 
successful  physician.  He  was  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  Jacobs 
Mills,  and  a  large  landholder  in  Scituate  and  Hanover.  He  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Edward  Dorchester,  about  1731. 

Micajah  Sawyer,  M.  D.,  son  of  Dr.  Enoch  Sawyer,  a  physician  of  Xew- 
buryport,  was  born  July  15,  1737,  and  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1756. 
He  studied  medicine  with  his  father,  and  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  his  native  town,  and  soon  acquired  a  great  reputation  as  a 
physician,  and  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Harvard. 
When  the  committee  of  safety  and  correspondence  was  organized  in 
1776,  he  was  made  a  member,  and  was  conspicuous  as  a  patriot  through- 
out the  whole  period  of  the  Revolution.  He  was  enrolled  in  various  lit- 
erary and  benevolent  societies  and  died  September  29,  1815. 

The  town-clerk  of  Stoughton.  Dr.  George  Crossman,  maintained 
during  life  a  good  reputation  as  a  physician.  He  died  at  Canton,  Sep- 
tember 25,  1805,  at  the  age  of  68  years. 

John  Druce,  a  native  of  Brookline,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1738 
and  studied  medicine  at  Watertown.  He  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Wrentham,  about  the  year  1710,  but  died  of  consumption  at  the  age  of 
55  years. 

Dr.  Samuel  Leslie  Scammell  emigrated  from  England  in  1738  and  set- 


28  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

tied  in  that  part  of  Mendon  now  called  Mil  ford,  and  there  practiced 
medicine  until  his  death,  in  1752.  He  was  45  years  of  age.  His  son, 
bearing  the  same  name,  was  also  a  practitioner  of  medicine  and  was 
the  father  of  Colonel  Alexander  Scammell,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the 
American  revolutionary  army,  and  Dr.  John  Scammell,  a  physician  of 
considerable  celebrity.  The  son  of  the  last-mentioned,  Dr.  John  Scam- 
mell, was  born  at  Milford,  in  1761,  and  studied  medicine  with  his  father. 
On  the  death  of  his  maternal  grandfather,  Dr.  John  Corbett,  he  re- 
moved to  Bellingham,  to  take  possession  of  the  estate  and  practice  be- 
queathed him  by  the  doctor.  He  served  for  a  short  period  in  the  Con- 
tinental Army.  About  a  year  previous  to  his  death  he  fractured  his 
thigh,  which  never  re-united.  He  died,  March  9,  1845,  at  the  age  of 
84  years. 

Samuel  Holten  was  born  at  Salem  Village,  (now  Danvers,)  June  19, 
1738,  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Jonathan  Prince,  and  settled  in  Glou- 
cester to  practice  his  profession,  but  shortly  after  removed  to  his  native 
town.  In  1775  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  patriots,  and  was  placed 
upon  several  important  committees  of  the  Continental  Congress,  of  which 
body  he  was  a  member.  He  was  also  on  the  medical  board  for  the 
examination  of  applicants  for  appointment  to  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  Army.  In  1777  he  was  one  of  the  delegates  from  Massachu- 
setts who  assisted  in  framing  the  Articles  of  Confederation  of  the 
United  Colonies,  and  later  was  chosen  delegate  to  the  American  Con- 
gress, and  affixed  his  ratifying  signature  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  afterward  elected  president  of  that  body.  In 
1790  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  probate  court  of  Essex  County, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  1815,  after  having  been  in  public  station 
over  forty-seven  years.  With  a  majestic  form,  a  graceful  person,  and 
engaging  manners,  he  was  eminently  popular.  He  died,  January  2, 
1816,  in  the  seventy-eighth  year  of  his  age. 

Jonathan  Davis,  a  native  of  Maine,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1738, 
and  was  for  years  a  reputable  physician  in  Eoxbury ;  he  died  in  1801. 

Dr.  James  Baker  was  born  September  5,  1739,  at  Dorchester,  and 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  1760 ;  studied  theology  and  became  a 
preacher,  but  subsequently  turned  his  attention  to  medicine,  which, 
after  practicing  a  few  years,  he  relinquished,  about  the  year  1780,  for 
other  pursuits. 

William  Baylies,  a  native  of  Uxbridge,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Massachusetts,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1760,  established  himself  at 
Dighton,  and  became  very  successful  and  popular  in  the  practice  of 
medicine.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Historical  Society.  He  represented  Dighton  in  the  legislature  of 
the  State,  occupied  a  seat  in  three  Provincial  Congresses  and  in  the 
State-convention  that  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  was  a  judge 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas  and  register  of  probate  for  Bristol  County. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  29 

In  1800  he  was  one  of  the  presidential  electors;  and,  after  a  long  and 
useful  life,  died,  June  17,  1820,  at  the  age  of  80. 

Aaron  Wright,  of  Medway,  was  born  in  1712  and  studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  Thomas  Kittridge,  whose  daughter  he  subsequently  married. 
Upon  the  completion  of  his  studies  he  commenced  practice,  but  the  am- 
putation of  oue  of  his  legs  was  rendered  necessary  by  disease,  notwith- 
standing which  misfortune  we  find  him,  in  connection  with  Dr.  Jerauld, 
conducting  a  small-pox-hospital  in  Medfield,  about  1780. 

Dr.  Elisha  Savil  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1743.  His  reputation 
as  a  physician  was  good,  and  he  acquired  an  extensive  practice,  not 
only  in  Qnincy,  where  he  resided,  but  also  in  Milton  and  the  middle  and 
south  precincts  of  Braiutree.  He  died  of  lung- fever,  April  30,  17GS,  in 
his  forty-fonrth  year. 

Isaac  Rand,  son  of  Dr.  Isaac  Band,  of  Charlestown,  who  died  in 
1790,  aged  71,  was  born  April  27, 1743,  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1701, 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Lloyd  and  his  father,  and  settled  to  practice 
in  Boston  in  1704.  He  was  very  proficient  in  the  exact  sciences, 
and  was  appointed,  with  Samuel  Williams,  (afterward  professor  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  at  Harvard,)  to  accompany  Prof.  Wiuthrop  to  New- 
foundland, to  observe  the  trausit  of  Venus  in  1701.  He  was  eminent 
in  his  profession  and  wrote  several  medical  essays  and  treatises.  He 
died,  September  11,  1822,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age. 

James  Pecker,  son  of  Dr.  James  Pecker,  of  Haverhill,  graduated 
from  Harvard,  studied  medicine,  and  settled  in  Boston.  He  stood  high 
as  a  professional  man  and  was  the  first  vice-president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society.  Towards  the  close  of  life  he  was  afflicted  with 
stone  in  his  bladder,  which  was  successfully  removed  by  Dr.  Rand. 
He  died,  in  the  year  1794,  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age. 

Gad  Hitchcock,  D.  D.,  who  served  as  minister  of  Pembroke  fifty-five 
years,  was  also  a  practitioner  of  medicine.  He  graduated  from  Harvard 
in  the  year  1743  and  died,  August  S,  1803,  at  the  age  of  So  years. 

Dr.  Seth  Ames,  son  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Ames,  of  Dedham,  was  born  in 
1743  and  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1704.  He  served  as  surgeon  of 
Colonel  Read's  regiment  in  the  Continental  Army  and  located  at  Am- 
herst. N.  H,  but  his  failing  health  obliged  him  to  return  to  his  native 
town,  where  he  died,  January  1,  1778. 

Ebeuezer  Hunt  was  born  at  Northampton  in  1744,  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  1701,  and,  having  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Charles  Pyn- 
chon,  of  Springfield,  settled .  to  practice  in  his  native  town  in  1708. 
He  had  an  extensive  practice ;  and  it  is  said  that  he  possessed  an 
unusual  sagacity  in  discerning  the  nature  of  diseases.  He  was,  for  a 
considerable  period,  a  member  of  the  legislature  and  for  four  years 
occupied  a  seat  in  the  State-senate. 

Dr.  Ephraim  Wales,  a  native  of  Randolph,  graduated  from  Harvard 
in  1708,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Amos  Putnam,  of  Danvers.     In 


30  CONTKIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

1770  be  settled  in  Lis  native  parish,  acquired  a  large  practice,  and 
instructed  numerous  pupils.     He  died,  April  7,  1805,  aged  50  years. 

Phineas  Holden,  son  of  Dr.  William  Holden,  was  born  at  Dorchester, 
January  31,  1714,  and,  having  studied  medicine  with  his  father,  prac- 
ticed in  the  town  of  his  nativity  until  his  death,  1819.  In  1792,  by  vote 
of  the  town-council,  he  was  permitted  to  build  a  small-pox-hospital  on 
Dorchester  Neck. 

The  first  resident  physician  of  Stoughton  was  Nathan  Buckuam,  who 
practiced  tbere  subsequently  to  1711.  He  was  probably  the  son  of  Rev. 
Nathan  Buckuam,  of  Medway. 

Enos  Sumner  was  born  in  Milton  in  1716  and  practiced  medicine  tbere 
from  1708  till  bis  death,  June  8,  1790. 

Samuel  Gardner,  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Gardner,  of  Stow,  graduated 
from  Harvard  in  1746  and  practiced  medicine  in  Milton  from  1753  till  his 
death, in  1777. 

Elijah  Hewins  was  born  iu  1747,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Young,  of  Boston.  He  afterward  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental 
Army.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  removed  to  Sharon,  and  for  twenty 
years  held  an  extensive  practice  in  Foxboro'  and  Walpole,  as  well 
as  Sharon.  A  few  years  previous  to  his  death  he  was  stricken  with 
paralysis,  which  obliged  him  to  relinquish  his  professional  duties.  He 
died  in  1827,  aged  80  years. 

Lemuel  Hewius  was  a  student  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  White,  whose  daugh- 
ter he  married.  He  settled  at  Sharon,  which  was  incorporated  in  1705, 
and  was,  probably,  the  first  physician  of  that  borough.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  his  professional  career  he  enjoyed  a  considerable  practice, 
but,  his  habits  being  unfavorable  to  success,  his  business  soon  declined. 

Dr.  Jeremiah  Hall  was  born  in  Scituate,  December  22,  1748,  and  set- 
tled at  Pembroke  in  1704.  He  attained  the  reputation  of  an  excellent 
pbysician  and  in  1775  was  a  member  of  the  Provisional  Congress. 

Lemuel  Hayward  was  born  at  Braintree,  March  22,  1749,  and  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  in  the  year  1768.  For  one  year  after  his  graduation 
he  taught  the  public  school  at  Milton  and  subsequently  commenced  the 
study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  Joseph  Warren.  Having  completed  his 
studies,  by  the  advice  of  his  preceptor  he  settled  at  Jamaica  Plains, 
where  he  acquired  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  In  1775  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  hospital-surgeon  by  Congress,  but  resigned  his  commission 
on  the  removal  of  the  Army  southward.  In  1783  he  removed  to  Boston 
and  in  1784  was  elected  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society. 
He  died  March  20,  1822. 

Joseph  Orne,  an  eminent  pbysician  of  Salem  and  one  of  the  original 
members  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  was  born  in  1749,  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  in  1765,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Holyoke. 
He  settled  in  1770  at  Beverly,  but  removed  to  Salem,  his  native  town, 
where  he  secured  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  physician.  He  died,  Janu- 
ary 28,  1786,  of  pulmonary  consumption,  at  the  age  of  37. 


ANNALS  OF  MEDICAL  PROGRESS.  31 

Thomas  Lowtlirain,  a  native  of  Perth,  Scotland,  died  at  Medfield 
December  15, 1749.  He  was  a  practitioner  of  medicine  of  that  place  and 
was  highly  esteemed. 

Dr.  Edward  Augustus  Holyoke,  the  first  president  of  the  .Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Augustus  Holyoke,  who  was 
president  of  Harvard  College  about  1710.  He  studied  medicine  with 
Col.  Thomas  Berry,  a  distinguished  physician  of  Ipswich,  and  in  1749 
settled  at  Salem,  where  he  practiced  medicine  nearly  eighty  years,  until 
his  death,  which  occurred  March  31,  1829,  at  the  age  of  100  years. 

Aaron  Dexter,  a  distinguished  physician  of  Boston,  for  many  years  a 
professor  in  Harvard,  of  which  institution  he  was  an  alumnus,  was  born 
at  Maiden,  November  11,  1750,  and  died,  February  28,  1829,  aged  79 
years,  lie  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Samuel  Danforth,  of  Boston,  and 
commenced  practice  in  the  latter  place  about  the  close  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war.  In  1783  he  was  elected  professor  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica  in  the  medical  department  of  Harvard,  which  position  he  filled 
until  1810,  when  he  was  constituted  emeritus-professor. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Gott,  of  Marlboro',  practiced  medicine  during  the  epi- 
demic of  1719  and  1750  and  rendered  valuable  assistance  to  the  afflicted 
inhabitants.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Kev.  Robert  Breck,  of  iSTorth- 
boro'. 

Thomas  Kast,  son  of  Dr.  Philip  Godfrist  Kast,  was  born  in  Boston, 
August  12,  1750;  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1709  and  commenced 
immediately  the  study  of  medicine  with  his  father.  In  1770  he  was 
appointed  surgeon's  mate  of  the  British  ship  Rose ;  but,  on  arriving  in 
England  in  1772,  he  resigned,  and  spent  two  years  in  attending  the 
clinics  of  the  hospitals  of  London.  In  1771  he  returned  to  Boston  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession.  His  professional  business 
was  large  and  he  was  reputed  to  be  a  skillful  surgeon.  He  died  June 
20,  1S20,  in  his  seventieth  year. 

Dr.  Oliver  Patridge  was  born  at  Hatfield  in  1751  and  removed  to 
Stockbridge  in  1771.  Two  years  later  he  began  the  active  practice  of 
his  profession,  which  he  continued  until  his  death,  in  1818. 

Dr.  Barnabas  Binney,  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army,  was  born 
in  1751.  His  father  was  a  Boston  merchant  and  his  mother,  formerly 
Miss  Ings,  was  a  lady  of  high  intellectual  culture.  He  graduated  from 
Rhode  Island  College  (now  Brown  University)  in  1771,  but  his  medical 
education  was  acquired  in  Philadelphia  and  London.  In  1770  he  entered 
the  Army  as  hospital  physician  and  surgeon,  which  position  he  retained 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  and  in  which  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  professional  ability.  His  health  was  so  impaired  by  military  service 
that  he  lived  but  a  few  years,  his  death  taking  place  June  21,  1787,  at 
the  age  of  30. 

Abijah  Richardson  was  born  in  Medway,  August  30,  1752,  and  studied 
two  years  in  Harvard  before  commencing  the  study  of  medicine.  In 
1770,  after  completing  his  medical  education,  he  entered  the  Army  as  a 


32  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

surgeon's  mate,  but  soon  received  a  surgeon's  commission,  which  he  re- 
tained until  the  termination  of  hostilities.  He  returned  to  his  native 
town  and  maintained  a  respectable  practice  until  the  time  of  his  death, 
May  10,  1822,  at  the  age  of  70  years. 

Dr.  John  Barnard  Swett  was  born  at  Marblehead,  June  1,  1752,  and 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  17G7.  He  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh 
under  the  celebrated  Cullen  and  also  attended  the  hospitals  of  France 
and  England.  Having  completed  his  medical  education,  he  returned  to 
America  and  entered  the  Continental  Army  as  a  surgeon.  In  1780  he 
resigned  his  commission,  commenced  practice  in  Newburyport,  and  soon 
had  a  large  and  responsible  business.  He  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow 
fever  that  prevailed  in  Newbury  port  in  1796,  aged  44. 

Samuel  Kingsly  Glover  was  born  in  Milton,  in  1753,  and  entered 
Harvard  College,  but  before  the  time  of  his  graduation  the  Revolution 
commenced  and  study  at  the  college  was  suspended.  Shortly  after  he 
joined  the  Army  as  surgeon's  mate,  and  as  such,  and  in  the  capacity  of 
surgeon  to  several  war-vessels,  he  served  until  1778,  when  he  resigned 
his  commission  and  returned  to  his  native  town.  He  did  not  resume 
full  practice  on  his  return,  but  devoted  considerable  time  to  a  private 
small-pox-hospital.     He  died  July  1,  1839,  aged  86  years. 

Dr.  Joseph  Warreu,  memorable  for  his  patriotism,  was  in  the  en- 
joyment of  a  large  practice  and  of  great  popular  esteem  before  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  in  which  his  life  was  sacrificed.  His  life  has  been 
so  frequently  and  faithfully  sketched  that  an  extended  notice  here  is 
uncalled  for. 

John  Warren,  M.  D.,  brother  of  General  Joseph  Warren,  was  born, 
at  Boxbury,  July  28,  1753.  He  subsequently  studied  medicine,  com- 
menced practice  at  Salem,  and  acted  as  surgeon  at  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington. Hastening  to  Boston  on  the  report  that  a  battle  had  been 
fought  there,  he  learned  that  his  brother  had  perished  in  it,  and  imme- 
diately offered  his  own  services  to  his  country.  Though  only  22  years 
old,  he  was  appointed  senior  surgeon  of  the  hospital  at  Cambridge, 
accompanied  the  Army  in  its  two  subse  quent  campaigns,  and  in  1777 
became  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  military  hospitals  at  Boston,  which 
position  he  retained  until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1780  he  gave  to  a. 
class  of  medical  students  a  course  of  dissections  and  in  1783  was  made 
professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  medical  school  of  Harvard 
University.  He  died  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  April  4, 1815,  at  the 
age  of  61  years. 

William  Eustis,  M.  D.,  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army,  was  born, 
at  Cambridge,  June  10,  1753,  and,  having  graduated  from  Harvard  in 
1772,  immediately  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Joseph 
Warren.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution,  he  entered  the  Army 
as  a  surgeon  of  a  regiment  in  the  field,  but  in  1775  was  appointed  hos- 
pital-surgeon, and  at  the  close  of  the  war  resumed  his  practice  in  Boston. 
In  1800  he  was  elected  member  of  Congress  and  in  1809  was  appointed 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  33 

Secretary  of  War  by  the  President,  (Air.  Madison,)  which  position  he 
resigned  after  the  surrender  of  General  Hull.  He  was  delegated  em- 
bassador to  Holland,  and  upon  his  return  in  1821  was  again  sent  to 
Congress,  and  for  four  consecutive  terms  occupied  a  seat  in  that  body. 
In  1823  he  was  elected  governor,  and  died  in  Boston,  February  G,  1825, 
at  the  age  of  72  years. 

-lames  Thacher,  M.  I).,  was  born  in  1754,  entered  the  Army  as  a  sur- 
geon's mate  in  1775,  and  was  promoted  to  a  surgeoncy  in  the  following 
year,  lie  was  present  at  many  battles,  but  after  the  surrender  of  York- 
town  retired  from  the  military  service.  He  received  the  degree  of  A. 
M.  from  Harvard  and  M.  1).  from  both  Harvard  and  Dartmouth;  was 
a  distinguished  antiquarian,  as  well  as  a  miscellaneous  and  medical 
writer.     Died  at  Plymouth,  May  21,  1811,  at  the  age  of  90  years. 

Dr.  Amos  Holbrook,  a  prominent  physician  of  Milton,  was  born  at 
Bellingham  in  1751;  served  in  the  Continental  Army  as  surgeon's  mate, 
and  subsequently  spent  some  time  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris,  adding  to 
his  store  of  professional  knowledge.  His  practice  was  very  extensive, 
and  not  only  did  he  engross  the  chief  medical  business  of  Milton,  but 
also  of  Dorchester.     He  died  June  17,  1812,  aged  88  years. 

Dr.  Cornelius  Kollock,  whose  death  occurred  January  22,  1751,  was 
the  second  resident  physician  of  Wrentham. 

Dr.  Moses  Baker,  a  Friend,  and  it  is  supposed  a  fellow-pupil  of  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Benjamin  Church,  of  Bostou,  settled  in  the  south  pre- 
cinct of  Braintree  (now  Randolph)  in  1755.  He  had  considerable  prac- 
tice in  the  parish  in  which  he  resided,  as  well  as  the  neighboring  ones. 
His  death  occurred  December  10,  1781. 

Dr.  Shirley  Erviug,  the  grandson  of  Governor  William  Shirley,  en- 
tered Harvard  College,  where  he  pursued  his  studies  some  years,  but 
did  not  graduate.  He  studied  medicine,  located  at  Portland,  and  be- 
came eminent  in  his  profession.  Towards  the  close  of  life  he  relin- 
quished the  active  duties  of  his  calling  and  removed  to  Boston,  wiiere 
he  died  July  8,  1813,  at  the  age  of  55. 

Dr.  Samuel  Danforth,  of  Cambridge,  graduated  from  Harvard  in 
1758  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Isaac  Rand,  of  Boston.  When 
the  revolutionary  war  broke  out,  he  was  judge  of  probate  for  Middle- 
sex Connty;  subsequently  resided  in  Weston  and  in  Newport,  R.  I.,. 
and  finally  settled  permanently  in  Boston.  His  death,  which  occurred 
November  16,  1827,  iu  the  eighty-seventh  year  of  his  age — after  sixty 
years'  devotion  to  the  wants  of  the  sick — was  caused  by  a  paralytic 
affection. 

Josiah  Bartlett,  M.  D.,  was  born  in  Charlestowu  in  1759  and  died, 
March  5,  1820,  of  apoplexy.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Israel  Fos- 
ter, surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Boston  military  hospital,  and  upon  com- 
pleting his  studies  entered  the  Army  as  Dr.  Foster's  assistant,  and 
served  as  such  uDtil  the  end  of  the  year  1780.  He  also  served  at  diffei- 
ent  times  as  surgeon  to  two  war-vessels.  Upon  the  termination  of  the 
3  M  p 


34  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

war,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Charlestown.  He  wrote 
several  medical  aud  miscellaneous  works,  among- which  The  Progress  of 
Medical  Science  in  Massachusetts  aud  The  History  of  Charlestown  are 
the  best  known. 

Dr.  Joseph  Le  Baron,  of  Plymouth,  probably  the  son  of  Dr.  Francis 
Le  Baron,  previously  mentioned,  practiced  medicine  in  that  town  until 
his  death,  which  occurred  iu  1761 ;  Dr.  Lazarus  Le  Baron  also  practiced 
there  from  1720  to  1773,  and  Dr.  Lazarus  Le  Baron,  jr.,  till  1784. 

Drs.  Thomas  Swain  and  Ebeu  Harden  Goss  practiced  medicine  in 
Ipswich  about  the  year  1771. 

Thomas  Welch,  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army,  was  born  in  1751, 
and  graduated  from  Harvard  in  177-1.  After  the  war  he  enjoyed  an 
extensive  practice  in  Boston ;  was  attached  to  the  marine  hospital,  and 
at  a  later  period  was  appointed  quarantine  physician  of  the  port.  At 
the  time  of  his  death,  which  happened  in  February,  1831,  in  the  eightieth 
year  of  his  age,  he  was  the  oldest  member  of  the  Boston  Medical  Fac- 
ulty aud  the  only  survivor  of  the  original  founders  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society. 

Daniel  Fisher,  of  Wrentham,  who  died  March  29,  1771,  was  a  practi- 
tioner of  medicine  iu  that  place. 

Timothy  Child,  M.  D.,  was  born  at  Deerfleld,  of  English  parents. 
Having  spent  some  time  at  Harvard  College,  he  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Williams  and  commenced  practice  at  Pittsfield  in  1771.  Immedi- 
ately after  the  battle  of  Lexington  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  Colonel 
Patterson's  regiment,  but  shortly  after  resigned  his  commission  and, 
returning  home,  resumed  his  professional  business.  He  died  in  1821, 
at  the  age  of  73  years.  He  was  called  several  times  during  life  to  fill 
the  positions  of  representative  aud  senator  iu  the  State  legislature. 

Dr.  Prince  practiced  medicine  at  Salem  during  the  revolutionary  war. 

James  Mann,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Wrentham,  graduated  in  1776  from 
Harvard  and  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Browu  Uni* 
versity  iu  1815.  After  leaving  Harvard  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Dr.  Danforth,  of  Bostou,  and,  having  completed  his  studies,  im- 
mediately joined  the  Continental  Army  as  a  surgeon,  but  after  three 
years'  service  his  enfeebled  health  compelled  him  to  resign.  In  1S12 
Dr.  Mauu  was  appointed  hospital-surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army 
and  during  the  war  that  followed  was  attached  to  the  medical  staff  on 
the  northern  frontier.  Iu  1816  he  published  a  volume  of  medical  sketches. 
of  the  war  of  1812.     He  died  in  New  York  iu  November,  1832,  aged  70. 

Dr.  Marsh,  formerly  of  Hingham,  practiced  iu  Hanover  about  the 
year  1780. 

Jabez  Fuller,  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  died  at  Medfield,  October  5, 
1781. 

Peter  Hobart,  of  Ilingham,  removed  to  Hanover  about  the  year  1783, 
and  there  resided  and  practiced  until  his  death,  in  1793. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  35 

Nathaniel  Breed  resided  in  Ipswich,  us  physician,  from  1786  to  17S9 
and  took  some  part  in  the  town-affairs. 

Dr.  William  Thomas,  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  resided  in  Plymouth 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1802. 

John  Frank,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  physicians  of  Rutland, 
died  in  1807.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society. 

Dr.  Brooks  practiced  medicine  at  Medford  prior  to  the  year  1773. 

MASSACHUSETTS   SURGEONS   IN   THE   REVOLUTIONARY  WAR. 

The  following-named  physicians  of  Massachusetts  served  on  the  med- 
ical staff  of  the  Americau  Army  during  the  revolutionary  war  :  Henry 
Adams,  Samuel  Adams,  Ebeu  Balleutine,  Origen  Briugham,  Ezekiel 
Brown,  Abijah  Cheever,  John  Crane,  Lemuel  Cushing  of  Hanover,  John 
Duflield,  Samuel  Finley,  Joseph  Fisk,  Isaac  G.  Graham,  William  Lough- 
ton,  Benjamin  Morgan,  Thaddeus  Thompson,  Samuel  Whitewell,  Daniel 
Shute,  dames  B.B.  Finley,  John  Thomas,  and  William  Laughlin. 

Surgeon  Daniel  Bartlett  died  in  Worcester  County,  Mass.,  Decem- 
ber 25, 1819  ;  William  Coggeswell  died  January  1, 1831,  iu  Rockingham 
County,  X.  H. 

Fraucis  Le  Baron  Goodwin  served  until  the  close  of  the  war,  in 
Colonel  Henry  Jackson's  regiment,  as  surgeon. 

Walter  Hastings  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Army  early 
iu  17  75. 

Thomas  Kittredge  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  Colonel  James 
Frye's  regiment  from  Essex,  May  2,  1775. 

Surgeon  Percival  Hall  died  September  25,  1825. 

Surgeon  John  Lynn,  of  Boston,  was  originally  from  Pennsylvania,  and 
leaving  the  Army  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities  returned  to  his  native 
State,  where  he  died  about  the  year  1702,  iu  the  forty-third  year  of  his 
age. 

Surgeon  David  Townseud  died  in  Suffolk  County,  Mass.,  April  13, 
1829. 

MISCELLANEA  RESPECTING   EARLY  MEDICAL   PRACTICE. 

Governor  John  Winthrop,  the  civil  head  of  the  Massachusetts  colo- 
ny, although  bred  to  the  law,  is  said  to  have  beeu  skilled  iu  practice 
of  medicine,  distributing  as  charity  Van  Helmont's  remedies.  His 
sou  John,  the  first  governor  of  Connecticut,  and  a  Dublin  graduate, 
was  a  physician  of  ability,  and  a  record  of  cases  treated  by  him,  it 
is  said,  still  exists  in  manuscript.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  England,  being  iu  London  at  the  time  of  its  or- 
ganization, and  made  to  it  several  communications.  He  died  in  L671, 
aged  71  years.  1 

Many  other   names  might  be  added  to  this  extensive  list,  but  those 

1  Douglass's  Summary,  p.  lvJs. 


36  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

given  are  quite  sufficient  to  show  bow  numerous  and  influential  was 
the  medical  practitioner  in  colonial  times. 

The  colony  of  Massachusetts  passed  a  law  in  1649,  forbidding  chi- 
rurgeons,  midwives,  physicians,  and  others  to  exercise  or  put  forth  any 
act  contrary  to  the  known  rules  of  their  respective  arts,  &c,  the  sub- 
ject-matter of  which  was  repeated  in  16G5  in  a  law  enacted  in  the  Duke 
of  York's  grant. ! 

A  number  of  the  clergymen  who  came  to  America  at  an  early  period 
were  also   educated   as  physicians,  both  in   the   Dutch  and  English 

1  Chirurgions,  Midwives,  Physitians. — Forasmuch  as  the  law  of  God  allovres  no  inau 
to  impaire  the  life  or  liuibs  of  any  person,  but  iu  a  judicial  way  :  It  is  therefore  ordered, 
That  no  person  or  persons  whatsoever  imployed  at  any  time  about  the  bodyes  of  men, 
women,  or  children  for  preservation  of  life  or  health  as  chirurgions,  midwives,  phy- 
sitians, or  others,  presume  to  exercise  or  put  forth  any  act  contrary  to  the  known  ap- 
proved Rules  of  Art  iu  each  Mystery  and  occupation,  nor  exercise  any  force,  violence,, 
or  cruelty,  upon  or  towards  the  body  of  any,  whether  young  or  old,  (no,  not  in  the 
most  difficult  and  desperate  cases,)  without  the  advice  and  consent  of  such  as  are 
skillfull  iu  the  same  art,  (if  such  may  be  bad.)  or  at  least  of  some  of  the  wisest  and 
gravest  then  present,  and  consent  of  the  patient  or  patients  if  they  be  mentis  com- 
potes, much  less  contrary  to  such  advice  and  consent,  upon  such  severe  punishment 
as  the  nature  of  the  fact  may  deserve ;  which  law,  nevertheless,  is  not  intended  to  dis- 
courage any  from  all  lawfull  use  of  their  skill,  but  rather  to  incourage  and  direct  them 
in  the  right  use  thereof,  and  inhibit  and  restreine  the  presumptuous  arrogaucy  of  such  as 
through  presidence  of  their  own  skill,  or  any  other  sinister  respects,  dare  boldly  at- 
tempt to  exercise  any  violence  upon  or  towards  the  bodyes  of  young  or  old,  one  or 
other,  to  the  prejudice  or  hazard  of  life  or  limbe  of  man,  woman,  or  child.  [1649.] — (An- 
cient Charters  and  Laws  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  pp.  76-77  ;  also  Laws  of  Mass.,  edition 
of  1672,  printed  at  Cambridge,  page  28.) 

The  following  general  laws,  relating  to  medical  men  and  medical  matters,  were 
enacted  in  Massachusetts  during  the  colonial  period  :  An  act  requiring  chirurgeons,  mid- 
wives,  and  physicians  to  use  no  force  or  violence  in  their  respective  callings,  without 
the  cousent  of  adepts  in  the  same  art,  enacted  1649,  Stat.  Mass.,  ed.  1672,  p.  28  ;  An 
act  to  better  prevent  the  spreading  of  infectious  sickness,  Stat.  Mass.,  ed.  1699,  p.  149  ; 
An  act  authorizing  the  selectmen  to  provide  for  those  sick  with  contagious  diseases, 
to  prevent  infection,  enacted  1701,  Stat.  Mass.,  ed.  1714,  p.  167;  An  act  providing 
at*the  charge  of  the  province  a  convenient  house  ou  the  island  called  Spectacle  Island, 
for  the  reception  of  such  as  shall  be  visited  with  coutagious  diseases,  to  keep 
them  from  infecting  others,  enacted  1717,  Stat.  Mass.,  ed.  1726,  p.  261 ;  An  act  em- 
powering courts  to  adjourn  and  remove  from  towns  appointed  by  law  for  holding 
courts,  in  case  of  sickness  by  the  small-pox,  enacted  1730,  Stat.  Mass.,  ed.  1759,  p. 
265  ;  An  act  to  prevent  persons  concealing  the  small-pox,  and  requiring  a  red  cloath  to 
be  hung  out  in  all  infected  places,  enacted  1731,  Stat.  Mass.,  p.  472;  An  act  to  pre- 
vent the  spreading  of  the  small-pox  and  other  infectious  diseases  and  concealing  the 
same,  enacted  1742,  Stat.  Mass.,  1763,  p.  22;  An  act  regulating  the  hospital  on 
Rainsford  Island,  and  further  providing  in  case  of  infectious  sickness,  enacted  1743, 
Temp.  Laws,  Mass.,  p.  102;  An  act  to  regulate  the  importation  of  Germans  and  other 
passengers  coming  to  settle  iu  this  province,  providing  that  sufficient  provisions  and 
room  be  given  them  to  prevent  the  contraction  of  diseases,  enacted  1750,  Stat.  Mass., 
ed.  1759,  p.  342  ;  An  act  supplementary  to  the  act  regulating  the  hospital  on  Rains- 
ford  Island,  providing  for  magistrates  to  order  infectious  vessels  or  persons  to  the  prov- 
ince hospital,  enacted  1758,  Stat.  Mass.,  1789,  p.  378;  An  act  to  incorporate  certain 
physicians  by  the  name  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  enacted  1781,  Stat. 
Mass.,  ed.  1789,  p.  415. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  37 

settlements,  but  particularly  iu  the  New  England  colonies.  For  this 
double  duty  they  made  especial  preparation,  with  a  view  to  being  true 
missionaries,  before  they  embarked  for  the  New  World.  Iu  some  in- 
stances, too,  the  schoolmaster  was  also  the  physician  and  surgeon  of 
the  neighborhood.  Iu  those  days,  when  the  literature  of  the  profession 
was  largely  contained  withiu  the  covers  of  Hippocrates  aud  Galen,  it 
was  not  difficult  for  a  university-graduate  to  make  himself  familiar  with 
the  medical  theories  and  practice  of  the  times. 

As  early  as  1G90,  hostilities  began  to  manifest  themselves  between 
the  English  adherents  in  the  New  England  colonies  aud  the  French  im- 
migrants and  settlers  in  the  Oanadas,  which  were  continued,  and  finally 
iresulted  in  the  subjugation  of  the  French  iu  1763.  These  military  ex- 
peditions and  the  military  training  given  by  them,  with  the  demand  they 
•created  for  skilled  medical  officers,  did  something  to  advance  aud  encour- 
age the  progress  of  medicine  in  the  colonies.  The  condition  of  the  profes- 
sion is  alluded  to  by  Smith  in  his  History  of  New  York.  1 

It  is  true  of  all  wars  that  they  greatly  advance  medical  science.2 
This  is  abundantly  proved  by  history  and  experieuce. 

EARLY  MEDICAL   PRACTICE   IN   NEW   YORK. 

The  Dutch  West  India  Company,  by  which  New  York  was  originally 
Iheld,  in  their  regulations  or  charter  from  the  States-General,  in  1629, 
(entitled  "Freedoms  and  Exemptions,"  in  section  xxvii,  provided  as 
follows:  "The  patrons  and  colonists  shall,  in  particular,  and  in  the 
•speediest  manner,  endeavor  to  find  ways  and  means  whereby  they  may 
•support  a  minister  aud  a  schoolmaster ;  that  thus  the  service  of  God 


1  Few  physicians  amongst  us  are  eminent  for  their  skill.  Quacks  abound  like  locusts 
iu  Egypt,  aud  too  mauy  have  recommended  themselves  to  a  full  and  profitable  practice 
and  subsistence.  This  is  the  less  to  be  wondered  at,  as  the  profession  is  under  no  kind 
of  regulation.  Loud  as  the  call  is,  to  our  shame  be  it  remembered,  we  have  no  law  to 
jprotect  the  lives  of  the  King's  subjects  from  the  malpractice  of  pretenders.  Any  man.  / 
at  his  pleasure  sets  up  for  physician,  apothecary,  and  chirurgeon.  No  candidates  are!  / 
either  examined  or  licensed,  or  even  sworn  to  fair  practice. — (Smith's  Hist.  N.  Y., 
ip.  3->G.) 

2 The  war  which  resulted  in  the  conquest  of  Canada  gave  perhaps  the  first  material 
'.improvement  to  the  condition  of  medicine  in  America.  The  English  army  were  ac- 
companied by  a  highly  respectable  medical  staff,  most  of  whom  lauded  in  the  city  of 
New  York  and  continued  for  some  years  iu  the  neighboring  territories,  affording  to 
many  young  Americans  opportunities  of  attending  the  military  hospitals  and  receiving 
professional  instruction.  The  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  Anglo-American  army 
igained  the  confidence  ot  the  public  by  their  superior  deportment  and  professional  in- 
formation aud  aroused  the  ambition  of  the  colonial  practitioners. 

The  military  establishments  in  Massachusetts  and  New  York  after  the  Canadian  war 
required  medical  and  surgical  attendants,  so  that  the  people  had  the  benefit  of  their 
advice  ;  in  this  manner  a  superior  class  of  medical  men  was  introduced  into  the  com- 
munity.— (Davis's  History  of  Medical  Education.) 


38  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

and  zeal  for  religion  may  not  grow  cool  and  be  neglected  among  them; 
and  that  they  do  for  the  first  procure  a  comforter  for  the  sick." 1 

In  1738  the  directors  submitted  a  draught  of  a  law  to  secure  equal  jus- 
tice to  all  and  to  define  the  mode  of  conducting  their  business  and 
raising  revenues.  Section  vii  provides  "For  the  maintenance  of 
preachers,  comforters  of  the  side,  schoolmasters,  and  similar  necessary 
officers;  each  householder  and  inhabitant  shall  bear  such  contributions 
and  public  charge*  as  shall  hereafter  be  considered  proper." 2 

Hermann  Mynderts  van  de  Bogaerdet  came  to  the  province  in  1631  as 
surgeon  to  the  ship  Endragh.3 

We  find  the  name  of  William  Deeping  as  chirurgeon  to  the  ship  Wil- 
liam of  London,  in  April,  1033,  then  trading  in  the  Hudson.4 
x  There  arrived  at  Manhattan's,  March  28,  1638,  along  with  William 
Kieft,  director-general  of  the  West  India  Company  or  New  Netherlands, 
Surgeons  Gerritt  Schult  and  Hans  Kierstede.4  The  latter  was  well  con- 
nected and  continued  in  practice  in  the  colony  as  late  as  1661.  He 
married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Annetje  Jansen,  who  owned  a  farm  on  Man- 
hattan Island  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  skillful  midwife. . . 

In  1617  William  Hays  and  Peter  Vreucht ;  from  1619  to  1652,  Jacob 
Hendrickson  Yarvauger,  Isaac  Jansen,  Jacdb  Mallenacy,  aud  John  Pau, 
some  of  them  being  surgeons  on  ships  trading,  practiced  in  New  York. 

Johannes  La  Montague,6  a  Huguenot  gentleman  of  learning,  was  a 
skillful  physician  and  a  member  of  Kieft's  council.  He  arrived  in  New 
York  in  1637  and  in  1611  was  sent  with  an  expedition  of  fifty  men  to 
defend  Fort  Good  Hope.  He  held  at  different  times  various  offices  and 
positions  of  trust  and  always  acquitted  himself  with  credit. 

Samuel  Megapolensis,7  son  of  the  Rev.  Johauues  Megapolensis,  who 
came  to  New  York  in  1612,  was  sent  to  Harvard  College  in  1657,  after- 
ward to  the  University  of  Utrecht,  where  he  graduated  in  theology, 
and  was  licensed  as  a  minister,  receiving  also  the  degree  of  M.  D.  On 
his  return  to  New  Amsterdam  he  was  appointed  collegiate  church-pas- 
tor. He  also  through  life  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine.  He 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  Dutch  to  negotiate 
with  the  British  the  articles  of  capitulation  of  the  province  in  1601. 

Dr.  Abraham  Staats  came  from  Holland,  settled  at  Fort  Orange,  and 
was  a  man  of  note  in  the  colony  as  early  as  1650.  He  assisted  in  making 
an  important  treaty  with  the  Indians  aud  in  1661  his  house  at  Clav- 

1  History  of  the  New  Netherlands,  p.  119. 

2 Documentary  History  of  New  York,  vol.  i,  p.  77. 

3  Brodhead's  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,  pp.  419,  491. 

4  History  of  New  Netherlands,  p.  143. 

,  5  Brodhead's  History  of  New  York,  pp.  408,  731,  743 ;  History  of  New  Netherlands, 
pp.  142,  181. 

"Ikodlicad's  New  York,  pp.  273,  279,  322,  550  ;  History  of  New  Netherlands,  pp.  180, 
185,186,266,273. 

7 Brodhead's  New  York,  pp.  043,  741. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  39 

Brack  was  burned  by  the  savages,  his  wife  and  two  sons  perishing  in 
it.1  His  son  Samuel,  born  in  the  province,  was  also  a  physician  and 
was  educated  in  Holland.  He  located  in  New  York  and  soon  rose  to 
eminence.     He  died  in  1715,  much  respected. 

*Iu  1658,  according  to  the  New  York  City  Medical  Register,  there  were 
but  the  following  three  surgeons  in  New  Amsterdam  :  Kierstede,  Vane- 
vanger,  and  L'Orange. 

Jacob  J).  Gommer,  as  early  as  1660,  or  earlier,  was  th'c  leading  surgeon 
of  New  Amsterdam,  but  subsequently  removed  to  New  Amstel,  (New 
Castle,  Del.) 

Dr.  J.  Hughes  was  a  practicing  physician  in  the  city  as  early  as  1G01. 

In  enumerating  the  names  of  the  Dutch  physicians  who  had  from  their 
learning,  worth,  and  skill  attained  eminence  in  the  colony  prior  to  the 
English  assumption  of  government  in  1604,  theuamesof  Jan  du  Parck  and 
Alexander  0.  Curtis2  should  not  be  omitted.  The  latter,  in  addition  to 
practicing  medicine,  taught  a  Latin  school.  He  returned  to  Holland 
about  the  time  the  English  rule  began. 

Peter  Janseu  van  den  Bergh,  Jacob  L'Orange,  Hermann  YVessels, 
Samuel  Megapolensis,  Comelis  van  Dyck,  (who  died  in  lG87,)and  Henry 
Taylor  were  in  practice  between  1058  and  1080. 

Gysbert  van  Imbroeck,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Dr.  La  Montague, 
practiced  his  profession  at  Wiltwyck  prior  to  1G03.  His  wife,  who  had 
been  a  prisoner  with  the  Indians  and  escaped  in  that  year,  acted  as 
guide  in  an  expedition  against  the  savages  who  had  been  her  captors. 

In  1004  the  doctor  was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  provincial  assem- 
bly.3 

Gerardus  Beekman  was  a  physician  and  politician  and  the  son  of  Will- 
iam Beekman,  a  leading  citizen  of  the  early  Dutch  rule,  who  came  to 
New  Amsterdam  in  1047  and  held  many  positions  of  public  trust.  He 
died  in  1707.  The  doctor  was  a  member  of  Governor  Lesler's  council, 
and  after  his  overthrow  and  execution  Beekman  was  tried  for  treason, 
convicted,  aud  sentenced  to  be  hung,  but  was  pardoned.  He  was  after- 
ward a  member  of  the  provincial  council,  under  different  governors.  He 
died  in  1724.4 

In  1001  Michiel  de  Marco  Cherts5  was  surgeon  for  the  Company  at 
New  Amstel,  now  New  Castle,  Del. 

Dr.  Jacob  von  Belcamp  was  a  druggist  at  New  Amstel. 

William  Beltsnyder  was  paid  for  furnishing  medicines  ami  was  prob- 
ably also  an  apothecary  or  druggist. 

The  following-named  persons  were  paid,  it  appears,  as  comforters  of 

1  Brodhead's  History  of  New  York,  pp.  530,  733,  74s:  O'Callahan's  History  of  New 
Netherlands,  vol.  ii,  p.  519. 

2  Brodhead's  History  of  New  York. 
'Brodhead's  History  of  New  York,  pp. 712, 729. 

♦Valentine's  Manual  of  Common  Council  of  New  York,  1864,  p. 567.  * 
5 Documentary  History  of  New  York.  vol.  ii.  pp.  182-191. 


40  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

the  sick  by  the  Company:    Evart    Pietersen,   Arent    Evertsen,  and 
Molenaer. 

In  160G  Mr.  De  Hinse  '  was  a  French  physician  and  resident  -surgeon 
of  For.t  Albany. 

Giles  Geodineau,2  who  signed  himself  chirurgo-physician,  was  a 
French  Huguenot  and  a  physician  of  some  ability.  He  received  letters 
of  denization  in  New  York,  August  26,  168G. 

Dr.  Lockhart,3  a  Scotch  physician,  was  surgeon  to  the  fort  and 
practiced  in  Albany  in  1689. 

Johannes  Kerfbyle,4  a  native  of  Holland  and  a  graduate  of  Leyden, 
was  an  eminent  practitioner  of  medicine  in  New  York  from  about  the 
period  of  the  Dutch  surrender  until  1693.  He  was  prominent  as  a  citi- 
zen, influential  in  society,  a  member  of  the  Eeformed  Church,  and  enjoyed 
a  large  professional  business  about  the  year  1686.  In  1691  he  made,  by 
direction  of  the  civil  authorities,  a  post-mortem  examination  of  the  body 
of  Governor  Slaughter,  which  is  said  to  be  the  first  recorded  autopsy  in 
America.  His  first  wife  was  Catharine  Hug,  who  came  to  the  colony 
with  him,  and  upon  her  death  he  married,  in  1701,  Margaret  Provoost. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  council  in  1698.  He  died  in  the 
city  of  New  York. 

At  the  time  of  which  we  are  writing  the  midwives  were  licensed  to 
practice  in  Holland  when  found  qualified,  and  the  emigrants  from  that 
country  to  New  Amsterdam  brought  the  same  customs  and  practices 
with  them  to  their  new  homes.  We  might  give  the  names  of  many 
who  practiced  with  reputation  iu  New  York.  There  are  a  number  of 
city-ordinances  referring  to  them.5 

The  councilors  and  directors  of  Amsterdam  possessed  nearly  arbitrary 
powers  as  to  legislative  authority.  Their  acts  were,  in  the  main,  pro- 
tective of  the  rights  of  the  people  and  they  administrated  equal  justice 

1  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  vol.  iii,  p.  127. 

2  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  vol.  iii,  p.  716. 

3  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  vol.  iii,  p.  618. 

4  Valentine's  Manual  of  Common  Council  of  New  York,  1864,  p.  51)0. 

6  New  York  City  ordinance,  July  16,  1716. — It  is  ordained  that  no  woman  within  this 
corporation  shall  exercise  the  employment  of  midwife  until  she  have  taken  oath  before 
the  mayor,  recorder,  or  an  alderman,  (the  terms  of  which  are  prescribed,)  to  the  fol- 
lowing effect :  That  she  will  be  diligent  and  ready  to  help  any  woman  in  labor,  whether 
poor  or  rich  ;  that  in  time  of  necessity  she  will  not  forsake  the  poor  woman  and  go  to 
the  rich  ;  that  she  will  not  cause  or  sutler  any  woman  to  name  or  put  any  other  father 
to  the  child,  but  only  him  which  is  the  very  true  father  thereof,  indeed,  according  to 
the  utmost  of  her  power ;  that  she  will  not  suffer  any  woman  to  pretend  to  be  delivered  of 
a  child  who  is  not  indeed,  neither  to  claim  any  other  woman's  child  for  her  own  ;  that 
she  will  not  suffer  any  woman's  child  to  be  murdered  or  hurt ;  and  as  often  as  she 
shall  see  any  peril  or  jeopardy,  either  in  the  mother  or  child,  she  will  call  iu  other  mid- 
wives  for  counsel ;  that  she  will  not  administer  any  medicine  to  produce  miscarriage  ; 
that  she  will  not  enforce  a  woman  to  give  more  for  her  services  than  is  right ;  that  she 
will  not  collude  to  keep  secret  the  birth  of  a  child  ;  will  be  of  good  behavior  ;  will  not 
conceal  the  births  of  bastards,  &c. — (Manual  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  1858,  p.  564.) 


ANNALS  OF  MEDICAL  PROGRESS.  41 

to  the  different  professions  and  classes  remote  from  established  courts  of 
justice.1 

As  showing  the  spirit  of  legislation  of  the  times  in  relation  to  medi- 
cal men,  the  following  is  worthy  of  note.  The  act  aimed  to  impose  a 
sort  of  detective-duty  upon  the  surgeon  which  could  not  be  submitted 
to  by  the  profession,  and  no  doubt  was  a  dead  letter. 

In  December,  1G57,  a  city-ordinance  was  passed  by  the  sellout,2 
burgomaster,  and  schepens,3  giving  notice  "  To  all  chirurgeons  of  the 
city  that  when  they  are  called  to  dress  a  wound  they  shall  ask  the 
patient  who  wounded  him  and  that  information  thereof  be  given  to 
the  schout."4 

In  the  Duke  of  York's  laws,  enacted  about  1CG5  for  the  government 
of  the  province  of  New  York,  when  Nantucket,  Martha's  Vineyard, 
Normansland,  and  the  Elizabeth  Islands  were  also  considered  as  lying 
within  the  Duke's  patent,  a  stringent  law  relating  to  chirurgeons,  mid- 
wives,  and  physicians  was  passed,  which,  as  it  may  be  found  to  possess 
some  historical  interest  and  is  not  generally  available  to  readers,  is  given 
in  full  in  a  note.5 

Dr.  William  van  Easeuburgh  was  surgeon  to  the  colony  of  New  Am- 
stel,  on  the  Delaware,  November  3,  1G59,  to  1662. 

1  From  the  Dutch  Records,  February  2,  1652. — "On  the  petition  of  the  chirurgeons 
of  New  Amsterdam,  that  none  hut  they  alone  he  allowed  to  shave ;  the  director  and 
council  understand  that  shaving  doth  not  appertain  exclusively  to  chirurgery,  hut  is 
an  appendix  thereunto  ;  that  no  man  can  be  prevented  operating  on  himself,  nor  to  do 
another  the  friendly  act,  provided  it  he  through  courtesy,  and  not  for  gain,  which  is 
hereby  forhiddeu.  It  was  then  further  ordered  that  ship-barbers  shall  not  he  allowed 
to  dress  any  wounds  nor  administer  any  potions  on  shore  without  the  previous  knowl-  j 
edge  and  special  consent  of  the  petitioners,  or  at  least  of  Doctor  La  Montague."  This, 
says  the  editor  of  the  New  York  City  Medical  register,  is  the  earliest  order  on  record 
regula  ting  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  State. — (Medical  Register,  city  of  New  York 
1865,  p.  198.) 

2  Sheriff. 

3  Justices. 

4  Valentine's  Manual  of  Corporation  of  New  York  for  1858,  p.  537. 

Chirurgeons,  Midwives,  Physicians. — That  no  person  or  persons  whatever  employed 
abont  the  bodys  of  men,  women,  or  children  for  the  preservation  of  life  or  health 
as  chirurgeons,  midwives,  physicians,  or  others,  presume  to  put  forth  or  exercise 
any  act  contrary  to  the  known  approved  rule  of  art  in  each  mystery  Or  occupation,  or 
exercise  any  force,  violence,  or  cruelty  upon  or  towards  the  body  of  any,  whether 
young  or  old,  without  the  advice  and  consent  of  such  as  are  skilful  in  the  same  art, 
(if  such  may  be  had,)  or  at  least  of  some  of  the  wisest  and  gravest  then  present,  and 
consent  of  the  patient  or  patients  if  they  be  mentis  compotes,  much  less  contrary  to  such 
advice  and  consent,  upon  such  severe  punishment  as  the  nature  of  the  fact  may  de- 
serve ;  which  law,  nevertheless,  is  not  intended  to  discourage  any  from  all  lawful  use 
of  their  skill,  but  rather  to  encourage  and  direct  them  in  the  right  use  thereof,  and  to 
inhibit  and  restrain  the  presumptions  arrogance  of  such  as,  through  confidence  of  their 
own  skill  or  any  other  sinister  respects,  dare  boldly  attempt  to  exercise  any  violence 
upon  or  towards  the  body  of  young  or  old,  one  or  other,  to  the  prejudice  or  hazard  of 
the  life  or  limb  of  man,  woman,  or  child. — (Picture  of  New  York,  p.  169.) 


42  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

NEW  YORK  PHYSICIANS   OF   THE   EIGHTEENTH   CENTURY. 

Naturally  enough,  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  owing 
to  the  increased  population  in  the  colonies,  a  greater  number  of  medical 
men  of  note  were  found  in  them,  many  of  whom,  being  practitioners  in 
New  York,  are  mentioned  by  Dr.  Francis  in  his  anniversary-discourse 
before  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  1847.  The  following  are 
the  names  of  a  few  of  the  more  prominent  physicians  of  that  period : 

Drs.  Lucal  van  Eflinchoone  was  from  Germany  and  Robert  Brett  and 
Thomas  Thornbill  from  Great  Britain. 

John  van  Beuren  was  from  a  place  of  that  name  near  Amsterdam, 
in  Holland.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the  celebrated  Booerhaave  and  a  grad- 
uate of  Leyden.  Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  New  York,  early  in  1700, 
he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  almshouse.  His  son,  Beekman  van 
Beuren,  who  was  born  in  New  York  in  1727  and  died  in  1812,  succeeded 
to  the  same  position,  and  from  this  ancestral  stock  has  sprung  the 
numerous  and  respectable  family  of  this  name  scattered  throughout  the 
United  States. 

Dr.  Cadwallader  Golden,  born,  1688,  atDunse,  in  Scotland,  after  win- 
ning literary  honors  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  in  1705,  and  hav- 
ing studied  medicine,  settled  in  Philadelphia  in  1708.  He  practiced  in 
Pennsylvania  until  the  year  1718,  when  he  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Hunter  surveyor-general  of  the  colony  of  New  York.  He  was  an  emi- 
nent naturalist  aud  published  in  1720  an  account  of  the  climate  of  the 
State.  In  1735  he  wrote  a  paper  on  the  sore-throat-distemper ;  and  a 
paper  on  cancer,  published  shortly  after,  is  said  to  have  been  written 
by  him.  Subsequently,  in  1743,  he  published  Observations  on  the 
Yellow  Fever  of  New  York,  1711-,12.1 

To  him  is  due  the  credit  of  suggesting  the  establishment  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.  His  botanic  and  other  writings  ex- 
hibit great  industry  and  powers  of  observation,  he  having  collected  and 
described  between  three  hundred  and  four  hundred  new  plants.  His 
History  of  the  Five  Nations,  in  two  volumes,  is  the  best  history  of 
these  Indians  extaut.  He  held  the  position  of  lieutenant-governor  in 
17G1  and  again  in  1775,  besides  other  positions  of  honor  and  trust, 
aud  died,  September  26,  1776,  at  the  age  of  88. 

In  1710,  Isaac  Dubois  took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Leyden  and  pub- 
lished a  thesis  on  the  "  Use  and  abuse  of  blood-letting."  He  practiced 
in  New  York,  where  he  died,  in  1713. 

Dr.  John  Nicoll  died  in  1715,  after  having  practiced  in  the  city  of  New 
York  for  nearly  half  a  century.  He  served  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
court  in  Governor  Lesler's  time. 

John  Dupuy  was  a  contemporary  of  Dr.  Nicoll  and  a  man  of  skill  and 
prominence  in  the  medical  profession,  but  died  in  1715,  at  the  early  age 
of  28. 

1  American  Medical  aud  Philosophical  Register,  p.  310. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  43 

Frank  Brinley  was  a  surgeon  of  the  New  York  provincial  troops  (lur- 
ing- the  French  and  Indian  war.  He  went  to  South  Carolina  in  1757  or 
1758,  bat  died,  on  his  way  hack,  at  Shelburne,  X.  J. 

Dr.  .laincs  Brewer,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  practiced  at  Yorktowu 
during  the  Revolution.  On  the  night  of  November  19,  1780,  a  party 
of  British  soldiers  surrounded  the  house  of  Dr.  Ebenezer  White,  a  zeal- 
ous patriot;  but,  Dr.  White  having  escaped,  they  seized  upon  Dr.  1  hewer. 
As  the  captors  and  their  prisoner  were  leaving  town,  they  were  fired 
upon,  and  Dr.  Brewer  was  mortally  wounded  by  his  friends,  who  sought 
to  rescue  hiiu,  and  expired  the  following  day,  aged  39  years. 

Ebenezer  Crosby,  a  surgeon  in  the  New  York  G-uards  of  the  Conti- 
nental Army,  a  native  of  Quincy,  Mass.,  graduated  from  Harvard  in 
1777  and  finished  his  medical  education  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. After  the  war  he  secured  an  enviable  reputation  in  New  York 
and  in  1785  was  elected  professor  in  Columbia  College,  which  appoint- 
ment he  retained  until  his  death,  July  1G,  1788. 

Charles  McKnight,  of  Irish  descent,  was  born  at  Cranbury,  N.  J., 
October  10,  1750;  graduated  from  Princeton  in  1771;  studied  med- 
icine with  Dr.  Shippen,  and  entered  the  Continental  Army  as  a  surgeon, 
but  was  afterward  appointed  senior  surgeon  of  the  flying-hospital  in  the 
middle  department.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  in  New  York, 
where  he  delivered  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery.  He  communi- 
cated a  case  of  extra-uterine  abdominal  fetus  successfully  removed  by 
an  operation,  (see  vol.  1,  Mem.  Med.  Society  of  London.)  The  doctor 
was  one  of  the  earliest  physicians  in  New  York  to  use  a  carriage  as  a 
conveyance  in  his  rounds  to  visit  patients.  He  died  November  16, 
1791,  aged  11. 

Archibald  McDonald,  born  in  Scotland  in  1715,  came  to  this  country 
at  the  age  of  12,  aud  resided  for  some  time  in  Canada.  His  brother, 
an  officer  in  the  British  army,  sent  him  to  Philadelphia  to  acquire  a 
medical  education.  He  commenced  practice  in  North  Carolina  and  sub- 
seciuently  served  for  several  years  as  a  surgeon  in  the  British  army. 
In  1787  he  married  a  lady  of  Dutchess  County  and  removed  to  White 
Plains,  where  he  resided  until  his  death,  December  21,  1813.  Prom  a 
genealogical  manuscript  in  the  handwriting  of  his  brother,  it  appears 
that  one  of  his  ancestors  married  a  sister  of  Robert  de  Bruce. 

Dr.  John  Thomas,  born  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  April  1,  1758,  entered 
the  Continental  Army  in  177G,  in  which  he  served  as  surgeon  through- 
out the  war.  On  the  termination  of  hostilities  he  settled  at  Pough- 
keepsie,  where  he  resumed  practice  with  great  success.  He  died  in  1818, 
at  the  age  of  60. 

Dr.  Ebenezer  White,  son  of  Eev.  Ebenezer  White,  was  born  in  West- 
chester County  in  1711  and  settled  at  Yorktown  previous  to  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Revolution.  He  was  much  interested  in  politics  and 
religion,  possibly  at  the  expense  of  his  progress  aud  proficiency  in  medi- 
cine.    During  the  Revolution  he  was  noted  as  a  patriot,  the  British 


44  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

making  several  ineffectual  attempts  to  capture  him  for  the  purpose  of 
exchanging  him  for  an  English  surgeon  then  in  the  hands  of  the  Ameri- 
cans.   He  died,  March  S,  1825,  at  the  age  of  81. 

Dr.  Samuel  Adams,  of  Mt.  Pleasant,  a  native  of  Scotland,  came  to 
America  about  the  time  of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  probably  served 
as  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army.  After  the  war  he  settled  in  West- 
chester County.  So  great  was  his  reputation  as  a  surgeon  that  for  many 
years  no  important  surgical  operation  was  performed  in  Westchester  or 
the  contiguous  counties  without  his  presence.  He  died  in  1828,  at  the 
age  of  90  years. 

Isaac  Gilbert  Graham,  a  descendant  of  the  Duke  of  Montrose,  and  a 
son  of  Dr.  Andrew  Graham,  was  born  in  South  Parish,  Conn.,  Septem- 
ber 10,  1760 ;  studied  medicine  under  his  father,  a  physician  of  good 
standing,  and  entered  the  American  revolutiouay  army  as  an  assistant 
surgeon  at  an  early  age.  He  possessed  the  warm  regard  of  General 
Washington  and  of  the  officers  of  the  General's  staff  for  his  profes- 
sional ability  and  staunch  patriotism.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  mar- 
ried and  settled  at  Unionville,  where  he  practiced  for  nearly  sixty  years. 
Died  September  1, 1S48,  in  his  eighty-eighth  year. 

Samuel  Osborne,  a  son  of  Dr.  John  Osborne,  of  Middletown,  Conn., 
studied  medicine  and  became  a  physician  of  repute  in  Brooklyn.  He 
subsequently  resided  in  New  York  City. 

Ebenezer  Sage,  of  Sag  Harbor,  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  in  1778,  was 
a  practitioner  of  medicine  and  a  literary  and  political  character  of  note; 
also  a  member  of  Congress  from  New  York  from  1809  to  1815,  and  died 
in  1834. 

Dr.  John  Bard,  a  native  of  Burlington,  N.  J.,  was  born  February  1, 
1716.  Having  completed  his  preliminary  education,  he  was  apprenticed 
to  Dr.  Kearsley,  an  English  surgeon  of  eminence.  After  serving  his 
apprenticeship  he  commenced  practice  in  Philadelphia  in  1737,  but  re- 
moved to  New  York  in  1716,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  many  of  the 
inhabitants  of  that  city,  and  there  practiced  until  within  a  year  of  his 
death,  when  he  retired  to  his  estate  near  Poughkeepsie,  in  1798.  On  the 
organization  of  the  Medical  Society  of  New  York,  in  1788,  he  was  unan- 
imously chosen  president.  He  died  of  paralysis,  March  30,  1799,  in  his 
eighty -third  year.  He  won,  and  retained,  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Franklin. 
He  was  associated  with  Dr.  Middleton  in  1750  in  performing  the  second 
dissection  of  a  human  cadaver  recorded  in  America. 

Dr.  Jacob  Ogden  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1721,  received  the 
best  medical  education  the  colonies  afforded,  and  removed  to  Jamaica, 
L.  I.,  where  he  practiced  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  His  death, 
which  took  place  in  his  fifty-ninth  year,  was  occasioned  by  a  fall  from 
his  horse.  He  wrote  several  medical  dissertations  on  the  sore-throat- 
distemper  of  1709. 

Samuel  Bard,  M.  D.,  son  of  Dr.  John  Bard,  was  bom  1712 ;  died  in 
1 821.     He  studied  medicine  with  his  father,  and  was  then  sent  to  Europe. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  45- 

His  medical  degree  was  received  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in 
1705.  His  thesis  was  "  De  virions  opii."  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  settled  to  practice  in  New  York,  where  he  soon  rose  to  emi- 
nence. In  1709  he  proposed  resolutions  in  favor  of  a  public  hospital, 
which  led  to  the  erection  of  the  New  York  Hospital.  Be  was  one  of  the 
professors  of,  and  assisted  in  organizing  in  1707,  the  first  medical  school 
in  the  city  of  New  York.  He  was  General  Washington's  physician  and 
was  by  contemporary  physicians  held  in  high  esteem,  lie  published 
a  treatise  on  croup,  and  in  1788  a  paper  on  uterine  hemorrhage.  In  1807 
he  published  a  compend  of  midwifery. 

Richard  Bayley,  M.  D.,  born  in  1715,  died  1801,  was  an  eminent  phy- 
sician iu  the  city  of  New  York.  He  was  well  qualified  and  of  a  philo 
sophic  turn  of  mind;  studied  yellow  fever  with  great  care,  and  published 
an  Essay  on  Yellow  Fever  in  1797,  with  Letters  on  Yellow  Fever  in 
1798.  lie  published  an  account  of  cases  of  angina  trachealis,  with 
mode  of  cure,  in  1781.  He  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  first  physicians 
who  rode  to  visit  their  patients.1 

Dr.  Attwood,  according  to  the  authority  of  the  historian  Watson,  was 
the  first  physician  in  New  York  to  devote  his  time  to  obstetric  practice 
and  to  announce  himself  by  advertisement  to  the  public  as  an  obstetri- 
cian.    He  was  a  contemporary  of  Dr.  Bayley. 

Dr.  Jacob  Ogden,  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  practiced  his  profession  for 
many  years  at  Jamaica,  L.  I.  He  was  particularly  noted  in  his  day  for 
his  advocacy  of  inoculation  and  was  a  successful  and  intelligent  practi- 
tioner. He  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  papers  on  the  malignant  sore- 
throat  and  other  diseases. 

Dr.  Seth  Miller,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the  first  physician  to 
settle  in  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y. 

Nicholas  Bomayne,  M.  D.,  born  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1750,  was 
educated  to  medicine  and  rose  to  eminence.  He  was  elected  president 
in  1807  of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society.  He  was  a  fine  scholar 
and  an  active  promoter  of  all  educational  measures.  He  died  July  20, 
1817. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Treadwell,  a  physician  of  Long  Island,  was  in  practice 
for  nearly  sixty-five  years.  lie  died  in  North  Hampstead  in  1830, 
aged  95. 

Dr.  Samuel  Clossy,  a  native  of  Ireland,  came  to  America  and 
settled  in  New  York  as  early  as  1731.  He  assisted  in  organizing  the 
medical  college  in  that  city  and  in  1707  was  appointed  professor  of 
anatomy.     He  died  in  Ireland  during  the  revolutionary  war. 

Peter  Middletoo,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland,  assisted  Dr.  Bard  in  his 

dissection  in  1750,  the  first  in  the  State  of  New  York.    He  received  a 

professorship  in  the  medical  college  in  1707.     ne  published  a  paper  on 

croup  and  a  medical  discourse.     He  died  in  1781. 

John  Jones,  M.  D.,  of  Welsh  extraction,  was  born  at  Jamaica,  L.  I., 

1  Watson's  Historic  Tales  of  Olden  Times,  1832,  p.  123. 


46  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

in  1729.  His  father,  Evan  Jones,  was  a  physician.  He  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Cadwallader  of  Philadelphia,  but  completed  his  studies  in 
the  European  schools;  settled  in  New  York,  aud  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  surgery  in  the  Medical  College.  He  served  as  surgeon  in  the 
war  of  1755.  In  1780  he  was  in  Philadelphia  and  was  the  physician  to 
Washington  and  Franklin.  He  made  many  contributions  to  the  depart- 
ment of  surgery.     He  died  June  23,  1791,  aged  G2. 

NEW  YORK  ARMY-SURGEONS  IN  THE  REVOLUTION. 

The  following  medical  gentlemen  of  New  York  State  served  as  surgeons 
in  the  American  Army  during  some  portiou  of  the  Eevolution : 

George  Campbell,  Andrew  Cragie,  George  Draper,  John  Elliott, 
Stephen  Graham,  Henry  Moore,  Abner  Prior,  Thomas  Reed,  Nicholas 
Schuyler,  William  P.  Smith,  Caleb  Sweet,  Malachi  Treat,  Samuel  Wood- 
ruff, and  Joseph  Young. 

Caleb  Austin  was  commissioned,  Jul}- 1,  1777,  in  Colonel  John  Lamb's 
regiment  of  New  York  artillery.  John  Cochran  was  director  general 
of  the  medical  department. 

Samuel  Cook  was  commissioned,  November  16,  177G,  in  Colonel  Lewis 
Dubois's  regiment,  in  which  he  remained  till  the  close  of  the  war. 

Elias  Cornelius  was  commissioned  in  Colonel  Israel  Angell's  regi 
ment  of  Rhode  Island  troops,  at  the  age  of  19  years,  in  opposition  to 
the  wishes  of  his  parents,  who  were  attached  to  the  British  interests  in 
America.  He  was  captured  and  confined  in  New  York,  but  made  his 
escape,  rejoined  the  Army,  and  remained  at  his  post  until  the  latter 
part  of  the  year  1781.  He  died,  June  13,  1823,  at  Somers,  N.  Y.,  at  the 
age  of  65. 

Surgeon  Mordecai  Hale  died  December  9, 1S32. 

Ebenezer  Hutchinson  was  commissioned  in  Colonel  Lewis  Dubois's 
regiment,  June  12,  1778. 

Isaac  Ledyard  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Army  in  March, 
1776. 

Surgeon  Benjamin  B.  Stockton  died  June  9,  1829. 

Josiah  Watrons,  commissioned  in  Colonel  Ebenezer  Stevens's  regiment 
of  artillery  September  4,  1777,  was  stationed  at  West  Point  until  Janu- 
arys, 1779,  when  he  resigned. 

Surgeon  John  F.  Yacher  died  December  4,  1807. 

William  Wheeler,  commissioned  in  1777,  resigned  January  8, 1779. 

Ilenlock  Woodruff  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Army  in  1775 

Dr.  Peter  van  der  Lynn,  a  native  of  Holland,  was  a  surgeon  in  Colonel' 
Paulding's  regiment  during  the  Revolution.  In  1777,  when  Fort  Mont- 
gomery was  attacked,  he  and  General  Clinton  escaped  from  being  taken 
prisoners  by  swimming  across  the  Hudson. 

Daniel  Menema,  a  native  of  New  York,  served  as  surgeon  in  the 
Second  New  York  Regiment  to  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  a  man  of 
extensive    acquirements   and  of   elegant    and  affable    manners.      He 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  47 

was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Cincinnati.  In  180G  be  was  president 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  Queens  County.  He  died  at  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
January  20,  1810. 

Benjamin  Welles  was  surgeon's  mate,  and  then  surgeon,  from  1777  to 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war.  After  the  war  he  settled  in  Wayne, 
Steuben  County,  N.  Y.,  where  he  practiced  with  reputation,  and  died 
April  19,  1S14. 

Samuel  Stringer,  a  native  of  Maryland,  having  studied  medicine, 
was  commissioned  in  the  British  army,  and  was  at  Quebec  in  1758. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  to  practice  at  Albany,  N.  Y. 

AVhen  the  revolutionary  war  commenced,  Congress  appointed  him 
director-general  of  hospitals  in  the  northern  department.      He  was  a 
man  of  ability,  but  resigned  his  commission  in  1777,  and  returned  to  re- 
sume a  practice  which  was  large  and  lucrative  to  the  close  of  his  life.. 
.He  died  July  11,  1817,  aged  83. 

John  Thomas,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  served  as  surgeon  during 
the  war.  After  peace  was  declared  he  settled  and  practiced  his  profes- 
sion at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died  in  181S. 

David  Shepard,  a  native  of  New  York,  raised  and  commanded  a  com- 
pany at  the  breaking-out  of  theBevolutiou.  He  resigned  the  captaincy 
for  the  position  of  surgeon.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  He 
died  at  Amsterdam,  Montgomery  County,  X.  Y..  December  12,  1818, 
aged  74. 

Nicholas  Schuyler,  a  native  of  New  York,  entered  the  Federal  Army 
as  a  surgeon  at  Albany,  April  1, 1777.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot  and  an 
active  and  intelligent  surgeon,  performing  arduous  and  valuable  serv- 
ices during  the  war.     He  died  at  Troy,  November  24,  1824. 

Thomas  Beid  was  a  surgeon  of  the  revolutionary  army  and  duringthe 
last  two  years  of  the  war  served  in  Colonel  Luyster's  New  York  regi- 
ment. He  died  at  Johnstown,  Montgomery  County,  N.  Y.,  September 
18, 182G. 

Moses  Willard  served  as  surgeon's  mate  and  as  surgeon  during  the 
war.  a  portion  of  the  time  in  Lieutenant-Colonel  Willett's  regiment. 

Moses  Youn glove  was  surgeon's  mate,  and  as  surgeon  served  with 
reputation  in  various  departments.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  varied  ac- 
complishments and  of  fine  executive  ability,  was  representative  in 
the  legislature,  and  held  other  official  positions. 

Walter  Vrooman  Whimple  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Bevolutiou.  He  ac- 
companied the  Army  to  Canada  and  was  actively  engaged. 

Dr.  J.  Cochran,  of  Pennsylvania,  studied  medicine  in  Lancaster,  Pa., 
with  Dr.  Thompson  ;  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Bevolutiou  ;  after  the  war  set- 
tled in  Albany  ;  he  was  on  a  special  reconnaissance,  of  hardship  and 
danger,  of  General  Washington,  April  10, 1777;  was  appointed  surgeon- 
general  of  the  middle  department  and  in  October,  1781,  director-gen- 
eral of  the  hospitals  of  the  United  States,     lie  died  April  G,  1807,  aged '/  G. 


48  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

To  simply  record  the  names  of  the  many  physicians  who,  prior  to  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century,  rose  to  eminence  in  New  York,  would 
extend  this  paper  to  too  great  a  length.  The  spirit  of  legislation1  in 
the  State  has  always  been  liberal  and  encouraging  to  the  profession. 

AFTER   THE   REVOLUTION. 

When  the  success  of  the  colonies  in  America  became  a  fact,  the 
serious-minded  and  provident  leaders  in  public  affairs  everywhere  made 
liberal  provision  for  education,  bat  rarely  further  than  qualified  their 
sous  for  becoming  ministers  and  teachers.  Colleges  were  founded  and 
means  furnished  to  a  favored  few  to  enable  them  to  attend  the  univer- 
sities of  England  and  the  Continent.  To  Oxford,  Cambridge,  Aberdeenr 
Leydeu,  Padua,  and  Paris,  students  were  sent  before  the  colonies  were 
fifty  years  old.  And,  indeed,  professional  men  largely  continued  to  seek 
their  medical  education  abroad  until  the  beginning  of  the  present  cen- 
tury. 

Students  of  divinity  often  took  advantage  of  their  residence  in  Europe 
to  attend  medical  lectures  and  "  walk  the  hospitals,"  as  it  was  termed ; 
and  not  a  few  of  them  received  the  doctorate  in  medicine  and  afterward 
became  eminently  successful  in  both  professions. 

1  The  following  laws  were  enacted' in  New  York  prior  to  the  revolutionary  war.  The 
Dutch  records  show  that,  February  2,  1652,  an  order  was  promulgated  regulating  the 
duties  of  chirurgions.     (See  Medical  Register,  City  of  New  York,  18(55.)  . 

An  act  allowing  physicians  to  travel  on  the  Lord's  day,  enacted  1695,  Stat.  N.  Y., 
ed.  1691-1751,  p.  23 ;  An  act  exempting  physicians  and  chiriirgeons  from  performing 
the  duties  of  constable  or  tax-collector,  enacted  1715,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1691-1751,  p. 
117;  Physicians,  doctors  of  physic,  practitioners  of  physic,  and  surgeons  exempt  from 
performing  military  duty — exempt  in  case  of  an  invasion — section  23,  act  1755, 
Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1752-'63,  p.  53  ;  An  act  to  prevent  infectious  distempers  being  brought 
into  this  colony,  and  to  hinder  the  spreading  thereof,  enacted  1755,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed. 
1752-'63,  p.  157  ;  An  act  to  explain  the  foregoing  act,  enacted  1755,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.. 
1752-63,  p.  57  ;  An  act  to  continue  the  same,  enacted  1756,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1752-'63, 
fol.  100  ;  An  act  to  appropriate  the  money  raised  by  divers  lotteries  for  erecting  a  col- 
lege and  pest-house,  enacted  1756,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1752-'63,  p.  Ill  ;  Au  act  to 
prevent  the  bringing  in  and  spreading  of  infectious  distempers  in  this  colouy,  en- 
acted 1758,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1752-'63,  p.  137;  An  act  to  regulate  the  practice  of  physic 
and  surgery  in  the  city  of  New  York,  enacted  1760,  Stat.  N.  Y.,ed.  1752-63,  p.  188 ; 
An  act  to  revive  an  act  to  prevent  the  bringing  in  and  spreading  of  infectious  distem- 
pers in  this  colony,  with  an  addition  thereto  regulating  the  practice  of  inoculation  for 
the  small-pox  enacted  1763,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1752-63,  p.  432 ;  Au  act  continuing  the 
faregoing  act,  enacted  1767,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  p.  493 ;  Au  act  for  the  better  support  of 
the  hospital  to  be  erected  in  the  city  of  New  York  for  poor  and  indigent  persons,  en- 
acted March  24,  1772,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1763-73,  p.  696;  Au  act  to  prevent  infectious 
distempers  in  the  counties  of  Westchester,  Dutchess,  and  Orange,  and  regulating  inoc- 
ulation therein,  enacted  1772,  Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1763-73,  p.  6d6 ;  An  act  for  regulat- 
ing the  practice  of  inoculation  for  the  sinall-pox  in  the  city  of  Albany,  enacted  1773, 
Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1763-73,  p.  720 ;  An  act  to  repeal  an  act  to  preveut  infectious  dis- 
tempers in  the  counties  of  Westchester,  Dutchess,  and  Orange,  so  far  as  it  relates  to 
the  borough  and  town  of  Westchester  and  manor  of  Phillipsboiough,  enacted  1773,. 
Stat.  N.  Y.,  ed.  1763-73,  p.  791. 


ANNALS  OF  MEDICAL  PROGRESS.  40 

HONORS  TO  MEDICAL  MEN. 

Dr.  John  Pott  was  made  temporary  head  of  the  government  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia  in  1G2S.  Gerardus  Beekman,  also  Cadwallader  Gol- 
den, both  physicians,  were  acting  governors  of  New  York  at  a  later 
period. 

There  were  five  physicians  in  the  Congress  that  declared  the  inde- 
pendence of  America :  Josiah  Bartlett,  Benjamin  Rush,  Matthew  Thorn- 
ton, Oliver  Wolcott,  and  Lyman  Hall. 

The  second  and  third  presidents  of  Harvard  and  the  first  of  the  Col- 
lege of  New  Jersey  were  from  the  ranks  of  medicine.  The  numerous 
high  and  responsible  positions  held  by  professional  men  before  and  dur- 
ing the  revolutionary  war,  in  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  and  other 
States,  show  the  special  fitness  of  medical  men  of  the  period  for  such 
trusts. 

SMALL  NUMBER  OF  TRAINED  PRACTITIONERS. 

The  duplication  of  professions  and  diversity  of  vocation  in  the  same 
person  served  to  retard  the  founding  of  medical  institutions  by  reducing 
the  number  of  those  possessing  special  executive  talent,  who  might 
otherwise  have  been  expected  to  interest  themselves  in  such  enterprises. 

The  number  at  any  one  time  of  highly  educated  and  pre-eminently 
skillful  physicians  in  a  country  has  ever  been  limited  and  must  always 
be  so. 

The  advantages  ^possessed  by  these  new  settlements  were  not  suffi- 
ciently attractive  to  cultured  physicians,  who  had  passed  through  the 
long  courses  of  training  then  considered  necessary  to  entitle  them  to 
practice  the  art  of  healing,  to  draw  them  hither  in  any  considerable 
numbers. 

New  countries  and  pioneer  settlements  are  usually  overrun  by  adven- 
turers; indeed,  these  new  fields  invite  the  most  adventurous  and  least 
qualified,  to  the  credit  of  humanity,  and  some  who  were  uupleasantlj' 
familiar  with  the  processes  of  the  law  in  their  native  land  became  useful 
and  exemplary  citizens  in  the  New  World. 

The  public  records  of  that  period  have  frequent  allusions  to  the  hordes 
of  charlatans.  One  writer  says:  "The  quacks  abound  as  the  locusts 
of  Egypt."  Another  says  of  New  York  :  "  That  place  boasts  the  houor 
of  above  forty  gentlemen  of  the  faculty,  and  far  the  greatest  part  of  them 
are  mere  pretenders  to  a  profession  of  which  they  are  entirely  igno- 
rant." x 

BEGINNINGS   OF   LEGISLATIVE   PROTECTION. 

In  Virginia  an  effort  was  made  to  protect  the  people  against  excessive 
charges,  and  yet  encourage  educated  practitioners.  The  earliest  law 
enacted  in  any  of  the  colonies  relating  to  medical  men  that  I  have  seen 

1  New  York  Independent  Reflector,  1753. 
■A  M  P 


50  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

is  tbe  act  passed  by  the  colony  of  Virginia  in  1G39.  This  act  was  re- 
vised in  lCio-'ttG.1 

In  the  colony  of  Connecticut  in  particular,  and  in  other  rural  commu- 
nities, where  the  empiric  seldom  repaired,  the  absurdities  of  Indian 
practice  became  popular. 

The  earliest  fee-bill  that  I  have  seen  was  that  established  by  an  act 
passed  by  the  colony  of  Virginia,  August,  1736,  entitled  '"An  act  for 
regulating  the  fees  and  accounts  for  practicersof  physic,"  which  allowed 
a  difference  of  nearly  one-half  in  favor  of  physicians  who  had  taken  a 
degree  in  some  university  over  those  who  had  served  an  apprentice- 
ship only.2 

1  Whereas  by  tbe  ninth  act  of  assembly,  held  the  21st  of  October,  1639,  consideration 
being  had  and  taken  of  the  immoderate  and  excessive  rates  and  prices  exacted  by  prac- 
titioners in  physick  and  chirurgery,  and  the  complaints  made  to  the  then  assembly  of 
the  bad  consequence  thereof,  it  so  happening  through  the  said  intolerable  exactions 
that  the  hearts  of  divers  masters  were  hardened  rather  to  suffer  their  servants  to  per- 
ish for  want  of  fit  means  and  applications  than  by  seeking  relief  to  fall  into  the  hands 
of  griping  and  avaricious  men;  it  be  apprehended  by  such  masters,  who  were  more 
swayed  by  politick  respects  than  Xian  (Christian)  duty  or  charity,  that  it  'was  the  more 
gainfull  and  saving  way  to  stand  to  the  hazard  of  their  servants  than  to  entertain  the 
certain  charge  of  a  physitian  or  chirurgeon,  whose  demands  for  the  most  parte  exceed 
the  purchase  of  the  patient ;  it  was  therefore  enacted,  for  the  better  redress  of  the  like 
abuses  thereafter,  uutill  some  fitter  course  should  be  advised  on,  for  the  regulating 
physitians  and  chirurgeons  within  the  colony,  that  it  should  be  lawful  and  free  for  any 
persou  or  persons  in  such  cases  where  they  should  conceive  the  acco't  of  the  physi- 
tian or  chirurgeon  to  be  unreasonable,  either  for  his  pains  or  for  his  druggs  or  medi- 
cines, to  arrest  the  said  physitian  or  chirurgeon  either  to  the  quarter-court  or  county- 
court  where  they  inhabitt,  where  the  said  phisitian  should  declare  upon  oath  the  true 
value,  worth,  and  quantity  of  his  druggs  and  medicines  administered  to  or  for  the 
use  of  the  pit.,  (patient,)  whereupon  the  court  where  the  matter  was  tryed  was  to  ad- 
judge, and  allow  to  the  said  phisitian  or  chirurgeon  such  satisfaction  and  reward  as 
they  in  their  discretions  should  think  fitt. 

And  it  was  further  ordered,  that  when  it  should  be  sufficiently  proved  in  any  of  the 
said  courts  that  a  phisitian  or  chirurgeon  had  neglected  his  patient,  or  that  he  had  re- 
fused, being  thereunto  required,  hishelpe  or  assistance  to  any  person  or  persons  in  sick- 
ness or  extremity,  that  the  said  phisitian  or  chirurgeon  should  be  censured  by  the  said 
court  for  such  his  neglect  or  refusal,  which  said  act,  and  every  clause  therein  men- 
tioned and  repeated,  this  present  grand  assembly  to  all  intents  and  purposes  doth  re- 
vive, ratine,  allow,  and  confirme,  with  this  only  exception  that  the  pits,  (or,  patients)- 
shall  have  their  remedy  at  the  county-courts  respectively,  unless  in  case  of  appeal. — 
Enacted  Gr.  Assem.  Va.,  sess.  1645-'66,  (Herring's  Statutes  at  Large,  vol.  1,  pp.  316,317.) 
2  An  act  for  regulating  tbe  fees  and  accounts  of  the  practicers  in  physic. 
I.  Whereas  the  practice  of  physic  in  this  colony  is  most  commonly  taken  up  and  fol- 
lowed by  surgeons,  apothecaries,  or  such  as  have  only  served  apprenticeships  to  those 
trades,  who  often  prove  very  unskilful  in  the  art  of  a  phisiciau;  and  yet  do  demand 
excessive  fees  and  exact  unreasonable  prices  for  their  medicines  which  they  administer, 
and  do  too  often,  for  the  sake  of  making  up  long  and  expensive  bills,  load  their  patients 
with  great  quantities  thereof,  than  are  necessary  or  useful,  concealing  all  their  compo- 
sitions, as  well  to  prevent  the  discovery  of  their  practice,  as  of  the  true  value  of  what 
they  administer:  which  is  become  a  grievance,  dangerous  and  intolerable,  as  well  to 
1  he  poorer  sort  of  people,  as  others,  &  doth  require  the  most  effectual  remedy  that 
the  nature  of  the  thing  will  admit : 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  51 

Although  partial  recognition  of  the  profession  and  protection  of  the 
people  had  been  secured  in  several  of  the  colonies,  and  particularly  in 
some  of  the  large  cities,  by  legislation,  the  first  well-considered  act  reg- 
ulating the  practice  of  physic  was  that  passed  in  New  York,  June  10, 
17G0,1  which  required  all  practitioners  of  medicine  in  the  city  of  New 

II.  Be  it  /here/ore  outvied,  by  the  lieutenant-governor,  council,  and  burgesses  of  the  present 
general  assembly,  and  it  is  hereby  enacted,  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  from  and  after 
the  passing  <>f  this  act,  no  practicer  in  phisic,  in  any  action  or  suit  whatsoever,  here- 
after to  be  commenced  in  any  court  of  record  in  this  colony,  shall  recover,  for  visiting 
any  sick  person,  more  than  the  rates  hereafter  mentioned:  that  is  to  say — 

Surgeons  and  apothecaries,  who  have  served  an  apprenticeship  to  those  trades, 
shall  be  allowed  : 

£     8.     (I. 

For  every  visit  and  prescription  in  town,  or  within  five  miles 0    5    00 

For  every  mile  above  five  and  under  ten 0     1     00 

For  every  visit. of  ten  miles 0  10    00 

And  for  every  mile  above  ten 0  00     06 

With  an  allowance  of  all  ferriage  in  their  journeys. 

To  surgeons,  for  a  simple  fracture  and  en  re  thereof 2  00     00 

For  a  compound  fracture  anil  cure  thereof 4  00     00 

But  those  persons  who  have  studied  physic  in  any  university,  and  taken 

any  degree  therein,   shall  ho  allowed  for  every  visit  and  prescription  in 

town  or  within  live  miles 0  10     00 

If  above  five  miles,  for  every  mile  more  under  ten 0     1     00 

For  a  visit,  if  not  above  ten   miles 100     0  0 

And  for  every  mile  above  ten 0  01     00 

With  an  allowance  of  ferriages,  as  before. 

III.  And  to  the  end  the  true  value  of  the  medicines  administered  by  any  practicer 
in  phisic.  may  be  bet'er  known,  aud  judged  of,  Be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority 
aforesaid.  That  whenever  any  pills,  bolus,  portion,  draught,  electuary,  decoction,  or 
any  medicines,  iu  any  form  whatsoever,  shall  be  administered  to  any  sick  person,  the 
person  administering  the  same  shall,  at  the  same  time,  deliver  in  his  bill,  expressing 
every  particular  thing  made  up  therein;  or  if  the  medicine  administered  be  a  simple; 
or  compound,  directed  in  the  (Unpens* tories, the  true  name  thereof  shall  be  expressed  in 
the  same  bill,  together  with  the  quantities  and  prices,  in  both  cases.  And  in  failure 
thereof,  such  practicer,  or  any  apothecary,  making  up  the  prescription  of  another, 
shall  be  nonsuited,  in  any  action  or  suit  hereafter  commenced,  which  shall  be  grounded 
upon  such  bill  or  bills:  Nor  sball  any  book,  or  account,  of  any  practicer  iu  phisic,  or 
any  apothecary,  be  permitted  to  be  given  in  evidence,  before  a  court ;  unless  the  arti- 
cles therein  contained,  be  charged  according  to  the  direction  of  this  act. 

IV.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  this  act  shall  continue 
and  be  in  force,  for  and  during  two  years,  next  after  the  passage  thereof  aud  from 
thence  to  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  assembly. — (Heniug's  Stat,  at  Large,  vol.  iv,  pp. 
509,510.) 

1  An  act  to  regulate  the  practice  of  physick  and  snrgery  in  the  city  of  New  York,  passed  June  10, 1760. 

Whereas  many  ignorant  and  unskilful  persons  in  physick  and  surgery,  in  order  to 
gain  a  subsistence,  do  take  upon  themselves  to  administer  physick  aud  practice  surgery 
iu  the  city  of  New  York,  to  the  endangeriug  of  the  lives  and  limbs  of  their  patients, 
and  many  poor  and  ignorant  persons  inhabiting  the  said  city,  who  have  been  persuaded 
to  become  their  patients,  have  been  great  sufferers  thereby  ;  for  preventing  such  abuses 
for  the  future — 

I.  /;.  It  enacted  by  his  honor  the  lieutenant-governor,  the  council,  and  the  general  assem- 
bly, and.  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  from  and  after  the  publica- 


52'  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

York  to  obtain  a  license  certifying  qualifications  from  His  Majesty's 
council,  judges  of  iihe  supreme  court,  the  King's  attorney-general,  and 
the  mayor  of  the  city. 

A  general  law  was  passed  in  New  Jersey  in  1772, '  closely  patterned 

tion  of  this  act  no  person  whatsoever  shall  practice  as  a  physician  or  surgeon  in  the 
said  city  of  New  York  before  he  shall  first  have  been  examined  in  physick  and  surgery, 
and  approved  of  and  admitted  by  one  of  His  Majesty's  council,  the  judges  of  the  su- 
preme court,  the  King's  attorney-general,  and  the  mayor  of  the  city  of  New  York  for 
the  time  being,  or  by  any  three  or  more  of  them,  taking  to  their  assistance  for  such 
examinations  such  proper  person  or  persons  as  they  in  their  discretion  shall  think  fit. 
And  if  any  candidate,  after  due  examination  of  his  learning  and  skill  in  physick  and 
surgery  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  approved  and  admitted  to  practice  as  a  physician  and 
surgeon,  or  both,  the  said  examiners,  or  any  three  or  more  of  them,  shall  give,  under 
their  hands  and  seals,  to  the  person  so  admitted  as  aforesaid,  a  testimonial  of  his  exam- 
ination and  admission,  aud  in  the  form  following,  to  wit : 

"To  all  whom  these  presents  shall  come  or  may  concern  : 

"  Know  ye,  that  we,  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of 
the  lieutenant-governor,  aud  council,  and  the  general  assembly, made  and  published  at 
New  York,  the  tenth  day  of  June,  iu  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  sixty,  entitled  \A.n  act  to  regulate  the  practice  of  physick  aud  surgery  in  the  city 

of  New  York,'  have  duly  examined ,  physiciau  (or)  surgeon,  or  physician  and 

surgeon,  (as  the  case  may  be,)  aud,  having  approved  of  his  skill,  have  admitted  him  as 
a  physiciau  (or)  surgeon,  (or)  physician  and  surgeon,  to  practice  iu  the  said  faculty  or 
faculties  throughout  this  province  of  New  York. 

"  In  testimony  whereof  we  have  subscribed  our  names  and  affixed  our  seals  to  this 
instrument,  at  New  York,  this day  of ,  anno  Domini  one  thousand ." 

II.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  if  any  person  shall  practice 
in  the  city  of  New  York  as  a  physiciau  or  surgeon,  or  both  as  a  physician  and  surgeon, 
without  such  testimonial  as  aforesaid,  he  shall,  for  every  such  offense,  forfeit  the  sum 
of  five  pounds,  one-half  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  person  or  persons  who  shall  sue  for 
the  same  aud  the  other  moiety  to  the  church-wardens  and  vestrymen  of  the  said  city 
for  the  use  of  the  poor  thereof,  the  said  forfeiture  to  be  recovered  with  costs  before 
the  mayor,  recorder,  or  any  one  of  the  aldermen  of  the  said  city,  who  are  hereby 
empowered  in  a  summary  way  to  hear,  try,  and  determine  any  suit  brought  for  such 
forfeiture,  and  to  give  judgment  and  to  award  execution  thereupon  :  Provided,  That  this 
act  shall  not  extend  to  any  person  or  persons  administering  physick  or  practicing 
surgery  within  the  said  city  before  the  publication  thereof,  or  to  any  person  having 
His  Majesty's  commission  and  employed  iu  his  service  as  a  physiciau  and  surgeon. 

1  An  act  to  regulate  the  practice  of  physic  and  surgery  withiu  the  colony  of  New  Jersey,  passed  Sep- ' 

tember  26,  1772. 

Whereas  many  ignorant  and  unskilful  persons  iu  physic  and  surgery,  to  gain  a 
subsistence,  do  take  upon  themselves  to  administer  physic  and  practice  surgery  in  the 
colony  of  New  Jersejr,  to  the  endangering  of  the  lives  and  limbs  of  their  patients,  and 
many  of  His  Majesty's  subjects,  who  have  been  persuaded  to  become  their  patients, 
have  been  great  sufferers  thereby;  for  the  prevention  of  such  abuses  for  the  future: 

Section  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  governor,  council,  and  general  assembly,  and  it  is  hereby 
enacted  by  the  same,  That  from  aud  after  the  publication  of  this  act  no  person  whatso- 
ever shall  practice  as  a  physician  or  surgeon  within  this  colony  of  New  Jersey  before 
he  shall  first  have  been  examined  in  physic  or  surgery,  approved  of  and  admitted  by 
any  two  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  for  the  time  being,  taking  to  their  assist, 
ance  for  such  examination  such  person  or  persons  as  they,  in  their  discretion,  shall 
think  lit;  for  which  service  the  said  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  as  aforesaid,  shall 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  53 

after  that  of  New  York,  but  more  specific  and  strict  in  its  requirements, 
placing  the  licensing  power  with  the  supreme  court  of  the  State. 

bo  entitled  to  a  fee  of  twenty  shillings,  to  be  paid  by  the  person  so  applying;  :uid  if 
any  candidate,  after  due  examination  of  his  learning  and  skill  in  physic  and  surgery 
as  aforesaid,  shall  be  approved  and  admitted  to  practice  as  a  physician  or  surgeon,  or 
both,  the  said  examiners,  or  any  two  or  more,  shall  give,  under  their  hands  and 
seals,  to  the  person  so  admitted  as  aforesaid,  a  testimonial  of  his  examination  and 
admission  in  the  form  following,  to  wit: 
"To  all  whom  these  presents  shall  come  or  may  concern  : 

"Know  ye,  that  we  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  in  pursuance  of  an  act 
of  the  governor,  council,  and  general  assembly  of  the  colony  of  New  Jersey,  made  in 
the  twelfth  year  of  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord  King  George  the  Third,  entitled 
'An  act  to'  regulate  the  practice  of  physic  and  surgery  within  the  colony  of  New  Jer- 
sey,' having  duly  examined ,  of ,  physician  or  surgeon,  or  physician  and  sur- 
geon, to  practice  in  the  said  faculty  or  faculties  throughout  the  colony  of  New  Jersey. 
In  testimony  whereof  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names,  and  affixed  ourseals  to 
this  instrument,  at .  this  day  of ,  annoque  Domini  17 — ." 

Sec.  2.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  if  any  person  or  per- 
sons shall  practice  as  a  physician  or  surgeon,  or  both,  within  the  colony  of  New  Jersey 
without  such  testimonial  as  aforesaid,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pay  for  every  such  offence 
the  sum  of  live  pounds;  one-half  thereof  to  the  use  of  any  person  or  persons  who 
shall  sue  for  the  same,  and  the  other  half  to  the  use  of  the  poor  of  any  city  or  town- 
ship where  such  persons  shall  so  practice  contrary  to  the  tenor  of  this  act,  to  be  re- 
covered in  any  court  where  sums  of  this  amount  are  cognizable,  with  costs  of  suit. 

Sec.  3.  *  *  *  Provided  always,  That  this  act  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend 
to  any  person  or  persons  administering  physic  or  practicing  surgery  before  the  publi- 
cation hereof,  within  this  colony,  or  to  any  person  bearing  His  Majesty's  commission 
and  employed  in  his  service  as  a  physician  and  surgeon:  And  provided  always,  That 
nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  extend  to  hinder  any  person  or  persons  from 
bleeding,  drawing  teeth,  or  giving  assistance  to  any  p.erson,  for  which  services  such 
persons  shall  not  be  entitled  to  make  any  charge  or  receive  any  reward  :  Provided  also, 
That  nothing  herein  contained  be  construed  to  hinder  any  skilful  physician  or  surgeon 
from  any  of  the  neighboring  colonies  being  sent  for,  upon  any  particular  occasion, 
from  practicing  on  such  occasions  within  this  colony. 

Sec.  4.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  any  person  now  prac- 
ticing physic  or  surgery,  or  that  shall  hereafter  be  licensed  as  by  this  act  is  directed, 
shall  deliver  his  account  or  bill  of  particulars  to  all  and  every  patient  in  plain  English 
words,  or  so  nearly  so  as  the  articles  will  admit  of;  all  and  every  of  which  accounts 
shall  be  liable,  whenever  the  patient,  his  executors,  or  administrators  shall  require,  to 
be  taxed  by  any  one  or  more  of  the  judges  of  the  inferior  court  of  common  pleas  of  the 
county,  city,  or  borough  wherein  the  party  complaining  resides,  calling  to  their  assist- 
ance such  persons  therein  skilled  as  they  may  think  proper. 

Sec.  5.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  every  physician,  sur- 
geon, or  mountebank  doctor  who  shall  come  into  and  travel  through  this  colony,  and 
erect  any  stage  or  stages  for  the  sale  of  drugs  or  medicines  of  any  kind,  shall  for 
every  such  offence  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  twenty  pounds,  proclamation-money,  to 
be  recovered  in  any  court  where  the  same  may  be  cognizable,  with  costs  of  suit; 
one-half  to  the  person  who  will  prosecute  the  same  to  effect,  the  other  half  to  the 
use  of  the  poor  of  any  city,  borough,  township,  or  precinct  where  the  same  offence 
shall  be  committed. 

Sec.  6.  And  belt  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  this  act,  and  every 
clause  and  article  herein  contained,  shall  continue  and  be  in  force  for  the  space  of 
five  years,  and  from  thence  until  the,  end  id'  next  session  of  the  general  assembly,  and 
no  longer. — (Laws  of  New  Jersey,  folio-edition,  177G,  p.  376.) 


54  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

RISE   OF  HOSPITALS. 

Hospitals,1  or  institutions  similar  in  character  to  the  infirmaries  of  the 

^he  word  "  hospital"  is  derived  from  the  latin  hosjtes,  aguest,  a  stranger.  '•  Hostel" 
and  "  hotel"  have  the  same  derivation.  A  hospital  in  cloisters  was  an  extra  apartment 
or  room,  a  place  of  shelter  for  strangers,  equivalent  in  purpose  to  our  hotel,  to  the 
ijevudoxei  of  the  Greeks  and  the  hospitium  of  the  Romans.  Although  it  is  to  the 
Christians  that  we  must  look  for  the  full  development  of  institutions  having  for  their 
purpose  the  care  of  the  poor  and  the  sick,  still  the  germs  of  all  our  benevolent  institu" 
tions  seem  to  have  had  au  existence  among  the  aucient  Egyptians,  Greeks,  and 
Romans.  The  sick  were  treated  in  the  first  temple  erected  to  Esculapius  as  early  as 
1134  B.  C,  at  Titanus,  a  c-ity  of  Peloponnesus.  Young  candidates  for  the  priestly 
office  were  also  taught  in  them  the  practice  of  medicine.  The  temple  of  Esculapius,  at 
Cos,  being  the  most  famous,  had  accommodations  for  the  sick.  It  is  probable  that  the 
institution  established  by  Antoninus  at  Epidorus,  a  hundred  years  before  Christ,  was 
of  the  same  character.  One  existed  on  the  island  of  the  Tiber  at  Rome,  to  which  sick 
slaves  were  taken  to  be  healed.  There  was  a  public  building  at  Delos.  on  the  island 
Rhena?a,  of  the  character  of  a  hospital,  which  was  occupied  by  aged  women.  At  a 
later  period,  buildings  seem  to  have  been  erected  near  the  temples  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  sick  persons  visiting  them.  At  Jerusalem  there  was  a  large  building  named 
Bethesda,  or  "  a  house  of  mercy,"  for  the  accommodation  of  the  infirm. 

The  term  "  hospital"  is  first  used  in  connection  with  curative  establishments  in  the 
works  of  St.  Jerome. 

The  first  hospital  which  attained  any  permanent  celebrity  was  established  and  richly 
endowed  by  the  Emperor  Valens,  at  Csesarea,  between  the  years  370  and  380  A.  D. 

To  either  St.  Ephraim,  who  died  iu  381,  or  St.  Fabiola,  is  due  the  credit  of  founding 
infirmaries,  which  were  supported  by  charitable  contributions,  for  the  exclusive  pur- 
pose of  treating  the  sick.  The  good  Bishop  Nonus,  at  Edessa,  iu  Mesopotamia,  founded 
a  hospital  in  460.    Another  was  opened  at  Rome  about  the  same  time. 

The  Tabenia  Meritoria,  at  Rome,  seems  to  have  been  occupied  as  a  sort  of  asylum 
for  invalids.  Hospitals  for  the  poor  and  the  sick  were  much  encouraged  by  the  early 
Christians.  The  council  of  Nice,  A.  D.  325,  speaks  of  them  as  institutions  well  known; 
and  deserving  support  and  encouragement.  St.  Chrysostom  established  a  hospital  at 
Constantinople  towards  the  close  of  the  fourth  century.  Basilius  established  a  hospital 
in  Cappadocia  in  370.  Paula,  a  rich  Christian  lady  of  Rome,  established  one  about  the 
same  year  iu  Jerusalem.  In  Rome  alone,  iu  the  ninth  century,  there  were  twenty-four 
hospitals.  Alexius  Comnenus,  in  the  eleventh  century,  established  hospitals  for  invalid 
soldiers  at  Constantinople.  The  Hotel  des  Iuvalides  of  Paris  and  the  Chelsea  Hos- 
pital of  England  are  of  this  character.  The  Hotel-Dieu  in  Paris  was  founded  about 
the  middle  of  the  seventh  century  :  Hospitaliers  de  Saiut  Autoine  de  Viennois,  in 
1198;  l'Hopital  des  Petites  Maisons,  15G4;  the  Hopital  de  la  Charite",  1602;  Hopital  St.' 
Louis,  1607  ;  Notre  Dame  de  la  Pitid,  1612 ;  Hospice  de  P  Accouchement,  1625  ;  Hospice 
Incurables  Femmes,  1634;  Hospice  Bicolri,  1634,  as  a  retreat  fur  disabled  soldiers;  La 
Maison  de  Charian,  1641 ;  Hospice  des  Enfants  Trouves,  1656  ;  Hospice  de  la  Salpetriere; 
1656.  In  Germany,  the  Hospital  of  the  Holy  Ghost  and  St.  George's  Hospital,  in  Ber- 
n,  were  established  as  early  as  1208;  St.  Gertrude  Hospital,  1405,  remodeled  in  1734; 
"Hospespour  les  Enfans,  1687;  Hotel  de  Refuge,  1699;  Maison  d'Orange,  1704 ;  Charite", 
1710;  Invalid  House,  1748. 

From  allusions  in  history,  it  is  almost  certain  that  institutions  known  as  hospitals  were 
maintained  al  other  important  localities  for  the  accommodation  of  travelers  or  the  sick 
requiring  attention.  A  foundling-hospital  was  established  at  Milan  in  787,  and  a  hospital 
for  orphans  at  Constantinople  in  1090.  The  earliest  hospital  founded  in  Great  Britain 
was  St.  Bartholomew')),  in  1122;  but,  for  the  threo  centuries  that  followed,  no  other  of 
note  was   founded  in   that  empire.     In  the  sixteenth  century,  two  institutions  were 

ouoded  in  Great  Britain  :  one,  Bethlehem,  commonly  called  Bedlam,  (1547,)  for  lunatics, 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  55 

present  time,  have  probably  existed  from  an  early  period  in  the  world's 
history,  and  certainly  from  about  the  period  that  Christian  charity  was 
taught  by  its  divine  Master  in  person. 

It  was  not,  however,  until  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  century  that  hos- 
pitals specially  intended  for  the  care  of  the  sick  became  popular  and 
recognized  institutions  important  to  large  cities. 

During  the  Middle  Ages  every  monastery  had  its  almonry,  where  one- 
tenth  of  its  revenues  were  dispensed  to  the  poor  and  sick;  hence  the 
origin  in  many  instances  of  the  almshouse,  from  which  grew  up  the 
infirmary  and  pharmacy.  The  monks  were  our  earliest  botanists,  and 
in  their  gardens  grew  not  only  table-vegetables,  but  medicinal  plants; 
and  in  distribution  of  these  for  the  benefit  of  the  sick  may  be  traced 
the  earliest  development  of  the  office  of  the  dispensary  and  the  apothe- 
cary of  the  present  day.1 

and  St.  Thomas's,  (1553,)  as  a  general  hospital.    There  were  none  established  in  I 
Britain  in  the  seventeenth  century.     In  the  eighteenth  century,  however,  tin-re  were 
twelve  founded  by  that  nation,  and  an  act  of  Parliament  in   1729  levied  a  tax  of  six- 
pence on  each  seaman  trading  in  America,  for  the  support  of  the  Royal  Hospital.* 

Twenty-three  have  been  founded  during  the  first  half  of  the  present  century.  From 
the  slow  rise  of  hospitals  proper  in  Europe,  it  will  not  seem  strange  that  they  developed 
into  a  system  but  slowly  in  America.  In  1639  there  was  a  small  hospital  established 
at  Quebec,  which  was  probably  the  earliest  in  America.  In  1658  oue  existed  in  New 
Amsterdam.  In  1701,  the  year  the  first  settlement  was  made  at  Detroit,  a  "pest-house  " 
was  provided  for  at  Salem,  Mass..  and  in  1717  a  hospital  for  contagious  diseases  was 
built  at  Boston,  in  the  same  State.  In  1751  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  at  Philadelphia, 
was  chartered,  with  a  department  for  the  care  of  the  insane.  The  hospital  of  the  city 
of  New  York  was  chartered  in  1771.  In  1772  the  Eastern  Lunatic  Hospital,  at  Will- 
iamsburg, Va.,  was  chartered.  Since  then  they  have  multiplied  so  steadily  that, 
besides  extensive  State-hospitals  for  the  iusaue,  there  are  found,  in  every  large  city  of 
the  Union  aud  in  almost  all  of  our  chief  towns,  institutions  of  tins  class  for  the  treat- 
ment of  disease,  for  the  relief  of  infirmities,  and  for  the  proper  care  of  wounds.  Ir  is 
to  such  curative  establishments  that  the  term  "  hospital"  is  usually  restricted  in  this 
country,  though  iu  Great  Britain,  as  in  Europe  generally,  it  is  applied  indiscriminately 
to  nearly  all  charitable  institutions. 

1  The  term  "apothecary"  is  derived  from  the  Greek airodq/cij,  shop  or  store.  The 
keeper  of  a  warehouse,  or  magazine,  was  formerly  called  au  apothecary.  During  the 
early  periods  of  history,  physicians  undoubtedly  prepared  their  own  medicines;  but,  in 
the  progress  of  time,  aud  the  development  of  the  sciences  in  every  country,  it  seems  to 
become  necessary,  or  at  least  adds  to  the  convenience  of  the  physician,  to  intrust  the 
preparation  of  medicine  to  the  hands  of  persons  skilled  as  apothecaries  or  pharmacists 
Galen  had,  in  Rome,  a  drug-shop  in  tbe  Via  Sacra,  which  was  destroyed  by  tire  in  the 
reign  of  Commodos,  about  A.  D.  1-1.  when  the  Temple  of  Peace  and  other  edifices  were 
destroyed.  The  art  of  preparing  medicines  became  a  distinct  branch  in  Alexandria,  in 
Egypt,  towards  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  century  B.  C,  and  to  it  some  physicians 
devoted  themselves.  It  continued  as  the,  employment  of  particular  individuals,  and 
thus  the  pursuit  of  the  physician  became  separated  from  the  art  of  the  apothecary. 
Mantias,  a  pupil  of  Herophilus  in  Alexandria,  is  credited  with  being  the  author  of  the 
first  pharmacopoeia.  EXeras,  of  Cappadocia,  wrote  a  work  on  pharmacy.  (1!.  C.  49.) 
Throughout  the  East,  but  particularly  in  Alexandria,  where  learning  of  various  kinds 
was  cultivated  to  a  high  degree,  the  study  of  chemistry  and  pharmacy  was  principally 

*Penn's  Archives,  vol.  i.,  p.  251. 


56  CONTEIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

There  is  no  better  index  to  the  actual  condition  of  civilization  and 
the  development  of  Christian  charity  among  a  people  in  any  age  than 
the  care  they  take  of  their  sick  and  destitute.  One  of  the  complaints 
of  the  settlers  in  New  Amsterdam  to  the  home-government,  in  1G49,  was 
that  they  had  no  hospitals  or  asylums  for  the  poor,  the  aged,  and  sick.1 

These  complaints  must  have  been  effective,  for  an  institution,  serving 
this  purpose,  and  known  as  tbe  Old  Hospital  or  the  Five  Houses, 
was  sold  by  the  governor  of  New  York  in  1680  for  £200,  after  it  had 
become  unserviceable  and  better  buildings  had  been  supplied. 

pursued  by  tbe  Arabians.     Tbe  caliph  Almansor  (754  A.  D.)  is  said  to  have  founded  in 
Bagdad  tbe  first  public  apothecary  or  drug-shop. 

Iu  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  persons  who  prepared  preserves  and  con- 
fectionery at  court  or  for  the  nobility,  according  to  formulas,  were  known  by  this  name. 
Apothecaries,  as  compounders  of  medicines,  were  first  legally  established  in  Italy  by 
an  edict  of  Frederick  II,  for  tbe  Kingdom  of  Naples,  about  1220.     Edward  III,  in  1345, 
conferred  a  pension  of  sixpence  a  day  upon  Coursus  de  Gaugeland,  an  apothecary  of 
London,  in  recognition  of  his  attendance  upon  him   during  an  illness  in  Scotland. 
This  is  the  first  notice  of  the  recognition  of  an  apothecary  in  England.     In  1457  a 
patent  was  granted  for  establishing  an  apothecary  in  Stuttgart.     In  France  the  stat- 
ute authorizing  the  apothecaries  was  issued  iu   August,  1484,  by  Charles  VIII.     Until 
1511  no  distinctive  law  was  made  in  Great  Britain  to  distinguish  between  the  different 
branches  ot  the  profession  of  medicine.    In  1540  four  physicians  were  appointed  to 
examine  all  "  wares,  drugs,  and  stuffs"  sold  by  apothecaries.    The  apothecaries  were 
incorporated  by  James  I,  April  9,  1606,  being  united  with  -grocers,  from   whom  they 
were  separated  by  a  new  act  in  1617.    Up  to  1815  their  authority  was  confined  to 
London,  after  which  it  was  extended  to  England  and   Wales.     This  corporation  has 
the  power  to  confer  licenses  on  its  members,  who  are  thus  invested  with  the  right  to 
administer  medicine  as  well  as  to  prepare  and  sell  it  in  the  shops.     Thus  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  practitioners  of  Great  Britain  are  only  apothecaries.     The  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  iu  London  has  also  a  charter  and  the  right  to  grant  diplomas,  which  are, 
however,  honorary  and  confer  no  right  to  practice.    In  France  the  old  corporation  of 
apothecary-druggists  has  dissolved,  and  a  corporation  of  pho.rmackns  has  taken  its 
place,  but  simply  as  compounders  of  medicines.    This  is  true,  also,  of  Italy,  Prussia, 
and  Germany.     In  our  own  country  there  is  no  law  defining  or  limiting  the  sphere  of 
the  vocation  of  the  apothecary. 
Tbe  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  came  into  existence  in  the  following  manner  : 
Iu  1816  Lyman  Spalding,  M.  D.,  of  Cornish,  N.  H.,  conceived  the  idea  of  compiling 
a    national  pharmacopoeia  for    use    in  the   United   Slates,   and    iu   January,   1817, 
submitted  his  project  to  the  New  York  City  Medical  Society,  with  a  view  to  secure  the- 
co-operation  and  authority  of  all  medical  societies  and  colleges  for  the  perfection  of 
the  work.     He  suggested  that  a  convention  in  each  of  the  four  grand  geographical 
divisions  of  our  country  be  held,  and  that  each  adopt  a  pharmacopoeia,  which  should 
be  submitted  to  a  convention,  to  meet  iu  the  city  of  Washington,  to  revise  and  com- 
plete the  work.     The  convention  assembled  and  perfected  iu  a  most  acceptable  man- 
ner their  laborious  work.     A  regulation  was  at  the  same  time  adopted  that  a  conven- 
tion should  meet  in  that  city  every  ten  years  for  the  revision  of  the  National  Pharma- 
copoeia, which  was  adopted  and  has  been  pursued  ever  since.     Tbe  National  Pharma- 
copoeia, better  known  as  the  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United  States  of  America,  has,  since 
1833,  been  known  chiefly  as  "Wood  &  Bache's  United  States  Dispensatory."     These 
authors  state  that  they  have  adopted  as  a  basis  for  their  work  the  general  arrangement 
agreed  upon  by  the  national  convention  in  the  pharmacopoeia.     Decennially  a  general 
revision  of  it  is  made,  which  incorporates  all  the  new  therapeutic  ageuts  of  import- 
ance, thus  keeping  it  even  with  the  times, 
1  New  York  Colonial  Records. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  57 

This  was  probably  the  first  hospital  within  the  boundaries  of  the 
United  States.  The  first  general  hospital  chartered  iu  the  eolouies 
was  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  at  Philadelphia,  in  1751.  There  was  a 
provision  in  the  charter  for  the  care  of  the  insane,  which  has  since  been 
extended  to  two  large  State-institutions  for  this  class.  Inl7(i9  measures 
were  taken  in  New  York  for  the  establishment  of  a  general  hospital, 
which  was  chartered  in  June,  1.771. 

Dr.  Samuel  Bard  deserves  the  honor  of  suggesting  this  public  charity. 
The  Eastern  Lunatic  Asylum  at  William sburgh,  Va.,  chartered  in  1772 
and  opened  the  following  year,  was  the  first  special  and  independent 
institution  in  this  country  for  the  care  of  the  insane.  This  completes 
the  list  of  chartered  hospitals  under  colonial  rule,  although  post  and 
temporary  military  hospitals  had  previously  existed  for  the  treatment 
of  soldiers  and  other  employes  of  the  government  in  the  several  colonies. 

Provisions  of  a  temporary  character,  for  the  treatment  of  contagious 
diseases,  and  especially  of  small-pox,  were  made  from  time  to  time,  as 
emergencies  demanded,  by  all  the  eolouies;  and  iu  some  provisions  were 
made  tor  the  establishment  of  permanent  inoculating-hospitals. 

A  pest-house,  on  Sullivau's  Island,  near  Charleston,  S.  C,  was  swept 
off  by  a  flood  in  1752,  with  fifteen  persons  in  it,  some  of  whom  were 
drowned.1 

The  Philadelphia  Dispensary,  for  the  distribution  of  medicines  among 
the  poor,  was  opened  iu  178G  and  that  of  New  York  chartered  in  1701. 

AUTOPSY. 

Dissections  were  seldom  performed  prior  to  17G0,  except  by  stealth, 
and  even  au  autopsy  was  rarely  permitted,  except  when  suspicion  had 
arisen  that  death  was  the  result  of  foul  play.  In  1G90  Governor 
Slaughter,  of  New  York,  died  suddenly,  and  a  post-mortem  examina- 
tion was  made  by  Dr.  Johannes  Kerfbyle,  assisted  by  five  other  physi- 
cians, to  determine  if  he  had  been  poisoned,  which  is  the  first  recorded 
case.  The  detailed  statement  of  the  physiciaus  employed  in  this 
autopsy  gives  evidence  that  they  possessed  a  good  degree  of  proficiency 
for  such  investigations.2 

1  Ramsay's  History  of  South  Carolina. 

-The  taking  of  The  testimony  of  medical  men  as  experts  hy  coroners' juries  ami  crim- 
inal courts,  in  cases  of  sudden  or  violent  death,  is  of  much  more  recent  practice  than 
might  be  inferred.  The  first  criminal  code  in  Europe  that  contained  statutory  provisions 
directing  the  taking  of  medical  testimony  iu  all  eases  where  death  was  occasioned  hy 
violent  means  was  formed  or  adopted,  hy  Charles  the  Fifth,  at  Ratisbonne,  in  1532. 
This  code  laid  the  foundation  for  legalized  autopsies  iu  criminal  eases,  for  it  is  only  by 
such  means  that  the  medical  man,  who  is  sworn  hy  the  coroner  "  diligently  to  inquire 
how  and  in  what  manner  the  deceased  came  to  his  death,"  can  answer  knowingly  and 
correctly. 

The  office  of  coroner  is  first  mentioned  in  a  charter  granted  in  the  year  925  A.  D.  by 
King  Athelston  to  the  authorities  of  Beverly.  The  powers  and  duties  of  coroners  are 
defined  and  provided  for  in  the  common  law  and  iu  special  enactments  of  the  differ- 
ent States. 


58  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

MIDWIFERY. 

Up  to  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  practice  of  mid- 
wifery, as  it  was  called,  was  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  women,  medi' 
eal  men  being  called  in  only  in  difficult  and  protracted  cases. 

Dr.  John  Maubray  is  considered  to  have  been  the  first  public  teacher 
of  midwifery  in  Great  Britain.     His  first  work  was  published  in  1723. 

Dr.  James  Lloyd,  who  settled  in  Boston  in  1754,  was  the  first  regu- 
larly-educated physician  in  Massachusetts  to  devote  himself  to  obstet- 
rical practice. 

Dr.  Attwood  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  physician  in  New  York  to 
publicly  announce  himself  as  devoting  himself  to  the  practice  of  obstet- 
rics.    This  was  in  1762,  some  years  anterior  to  the  revolutionary  war 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  jr.,  immediately  on  his  return  from  the  leading 
European  schools,  devoted  much  of  his  time  and  ability  to  this  branch 
of  the  profession,  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  the  first  public  teacher  of  mid 
wifery  in  America. 

In  South  Carolina  this  department  of  practice  was  first  assumed  by 
Dr.  John  Moultrie,  who  commenced  practice  in  Charleston  as  early  as 
1733,  and  for  forty  years  was  the  most  celebrated  physician  and  popular 
obstetrician  in  the  State  or  in  the  South.  It  is  probable  that  his  devo- 
tion to  obstetrics  antedates  that  of  any  other  physician  in  America. 

THE  PHYSICIAN  AND   THE  APOTHECARY. 

Dr.  John  Morgan,  of  Philadelphia,  was  in  1765  the  first  American  phy- 
sician to  adopt  and  publicly  advocate  the  theory  that  medical  men 
should  confine  themselves  to  prescribing  remedies,  leaving  to  the  apoth- 
ecary the  compounding  of  medicines.  This  system  was  gradually 
adopted  in  the  cities  and  large  towns,  and  remains  the  general  practice 
of  the  regular  profession,  except  in  the  remoter  country-districts. 

This  division  of  labor  only  became  an  established  practice  in  Great 
Britain  about  1750.  In  1751  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
passed  au  act  prohibiting  their  fellows  and  licentiates  taking  upon  them- 
selves the  duties  of  the  apothecary  and  in  1765  issued  an  order  against 
the  pursuit  of  specialties. 

Even  in  the  larger  towns  during  colonial  times  medical  practice  was 
laborious  and  unremunerative.  The  physician  often  had  to  ride  from 
20  to  100  miles  on  horseback  to  see  a  patient.  It  was  at  a  compara- 
tively late  date  that  the  doctor's  gig  or  "chair"  was  introduced,  even 
into  cities.  The  compounding  of  prescriptions  and  the  selling  of  drugs 
was  then  often  necessary  to  the  country-doctor,  and  to  some  extent  is 
still  so,  but  has  been  pretty  generally  eliminated  from  the  other  duties 
of  the  physician  in  the  towns. 

FEES. 

In  rural  regions  the  physician's  fees  were  often  paid,  if  paid  at  all,  in 
farm-produce,  and  his  remuneration  was  so  uncertain  that  he  was  fre- 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  59 

qucntly  obliged  to  combine  farming  with  his  professional  vocation. 
This  was  also  true  of  the  clerical  profession  at  that  period,  as  farm-  or 
glebe-lands  was  attached  to  nearly  all  the  colonial  churches. 

In  fact,  in  those  earlier  days  of  the  Republic,  a  single  industrial  pur- 
suit could  seldom  be  relied  upon  for  a  livelihood,  and  success  and  thrift 
were  frequently  proportionate  to  the  diversity  of  occupation  ;  whatever 
the  principal  one  might  be,  the  second  was  ordinarily  agriculture.  The 
instances  were  few  where  medical  men  in  the  United  States  prior  to  the 
Revolution  acquired  large  fortunes  solely  from  their  professional  voca- 
tion. It  is  true  that  we  had  many  wealthy  physicians,  but  their  fortunes 
were  generally  acquired  by  inheritance  or  by  judicious  investments  and 
fortunate  speculations. 

MEDICAL   TITLES.1 

The  title  of  the  medical  practitioner  is  not  the  same  in  all  countries, 
and  the  popular  meaning  of  words  and  titles  has  so  changed  that  the 
original  signification  is,  in  some  instances,  almost  lost.  Thus,  in  English 
history  we  have  record  of  the  following  appellations  having  been  used  : 
Physician,  leech,  mire  or  myre,  barbers,  barber-surgeon,  chirurgeon, 
surgeon,  and  doctor.    Neither  surgeons  nor  physicians  of  the  present 

•The  appellations  or  terms  by  which  physicians  have  been  known  at  different  periods 
in  different  countries  are  sufficiently  curious  to  merit  comment.  The  words  "doctor" 
and  "physician,"  though  of  classical  origin  and  occurring  in  all  the  languages  of 
Western  Europe  in  a  more  or  less  modified  form,  have  in  the  English  language  alone 
acquired  their  peculiar  application  to  the  practitioners  and  professors  of  the  healing  art. 

The  term  "  physician  "  is  of  Greek  origin,  being  derived  from  §bmc,  nature.  From  the 
Greek  it  was  transplanted  into  the  Latin  and  thence  into  the  Italian,  Spanish,  Portu- 
guese, Provencal,  French,  German,  and  English.  But  both  in  the  original  Greek  and 
all  the  derivative  languages,  except  the  English,  the  word  has  retained  its  proper  sig- 
nification, that  of '•naturalist,"  "natural  philosopher,"  or  "chemist."  The  word  "physi- 
cian" in  French  is  never  used  in  the  sense  in  which  we  exclusively  use  the  corresponding 
English  term.  And,  singularly  enough,  the  word  "physician"  in  English  has  entirely 
lost  its  original  meaning  aud  appertains  wholly  to  the  medical  fraternity.  The  fact  that 
in  the  middle  ages  the  functions  of  the  medical  practitioner  were  united  with  those  of 
the  priest,  the  chemist,  and  the  apothecary,  and  that  the  professor  of  the  healing  art 
was  almost  the  only  one  conversant  with  the  operations  of  physical  nature  to  the 
extent  of  the  knowledge  of  those  days,  was  probably  the  cause  and  occasion  whence 
arose  the  peculiar  application  of  the  term  in  our  language. 

The  word  "  doctor"  has  shared  almost  the  same  fate.  It  is  a  Latin  word,  derived 
from  doeeo,  to  teach;  and,  both  in  its  parent  tongue  and  through  all  its  derivations  in 
the  so-called  Latin  or  Romanic  languages,  it  has  retained  its  original  and  appropriate 
meaning,  that  of  teacher.  To  the  English  tongue  alone  is  confined  the  use  of  the  term 
as  applicable  to  the  medical  practitioner;  and  with  us  it  has  become  the  most  common 
designation  for  that  purpose,  though  it  has  not  lost  its  original  meaning  entirely  or  as 
exclusively  as  has  the  word  "physician." 

The  Hebrew  word  for  physician  was  XDT,  (rophe,)  from  the  verb  meaning  to  sew,  to 
mind.  Gesenius,  in  giving  examples  of  the  application  of  the  word,  records  Luther's 
joke,  in  which  he  calls  physicians  "  unseres  Herrn  Gotten  Schuster  " — the  cobblers  of  the 


60  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

day  in  Great  Britain  are  called  doctors,  but  are  spoken  of  as  surgeon 
or  Mr.  In  the  United  States,  however,  they  are  almost  invariably  de- 
nominated doctor. 

The  earliest  date  at  which  we  find  the  title  Dr.  substituted  for 
surgeon  and  physician  in  America  is  in  New  England,  about  17G9.  Since 
that  period  it  has  become  common  throughout  the  United  States,  and 
the  popular  appellation  of  "  doctor"  is  now  almost  exclusively  given  by 

Lord  God.  The  Greek  iarpoc  is  from  taw,  to  heal;  the  Latin  medicus,  from  medeor,  also 
meaning  to  heal  or  to  cure ;  and  from  the  Latin  come  immediately  the  Spanish  and 
Italian  medico  and  the  French  medecin. 

In  the  twelfth  century,  in  France,  according  to  Collette,  practitioners  of  medicine 
were  commonly  called  "  myres,"  an  appellation  which  continued  to  be  used  for  several 
centuries.  It  was  also  in  popular  use  in  England.  Its  derivation  has  been  traced  both 
to  the  Greek  and  the  Latin  languages :  Latin,  minis,  admirable,  extraordinary ;  and 
Greek,  fivpov,  an  ointment. 

Our  earliest  English  or  Anglo-Saxon  appellation  for  the  physician  (also  often  applied 
to  the  priestly  office)  was  the  word  '•  leech,"  from  the  Saxon  laec,  one  who  provides,  who 
cures,  and  the  active  verb  lacenian,  to  treat  with  medicaments,  to  heal. 

"Her  words  prevailed,  and  then  the  learned  leech, 
His  cunning  hand  'gan  to  his  wounds  to  lay, 
And  all  things  else  the  which  his  art  did  teach." 

— Spenser,  Faerie  Qiieene. 

"  The  hoary,  wrinkled  leech  lias  watched  and  toiled, 
Tried  every  health-restoring  herb  and  gum, 
And  weaned  out  his  painful  skill  in  vain." 

— Rowe, 

This  term  appears  to  have  been  the  one  in  common  use,  not  only  during  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  period  of  English  history,  but  for  a  considerable  time  after  the  Norman  inva- 
sion. It  is  yet  common  enough  in  poetry,  but  not  often  found  out  of  it  in  that 
acceptation.  Its  disuse  was  due  to  the  same  cause  which  occasioned  the  snpersedure  of 
many  other  Anglo-Saxon  words  :  the  introduction  of  Norman,  French,  and  Latiu  appel- 
lations. The  medical  practitioner  then  began  to  be  styled  "  physician"  among  the 
educated  classes  and  "doctor"  by  those  in  the  lower  ranks  of  society,  a  distinction 
which  yet  obtains  to  a  considerable  extent. 

The  English  language  is  full  of  instances  of  words  which  have  lost  tbeir  proper  sig- 
nificance and  have  been  appropriated  to  uses  beyond  the  scope  of  their  original  mean- 
ing. There  is,  perhaps,  no  more  remarkable  instance  of  this  deflection  than  the' title 
of  doctor  ;  and  it  is  curious  to  trace  the  cause  of  it. 

Both  the  words  "physician"  and  "doctor"  are  of  frequent  use  in  Shakespeare,  and. 
to  the  same  purpose  as  at  the  present  time.  King  James's  Bible,  published  in  1582, 
which  is  followed  in  this  respect  by  the  Catholic  version  known  as  the  Douay,  and  all 
subsequent  versions,  never  uses  the  word  "doctor"  in  the  sense  of  a  medical  practi- 
tioner. It  is  not  found  at  all  in  the  translation  of  the  Old  Testament ;  but  in  that  of 
the  New  Testament  it  occurs  several  times;  never  in  the  meaning  of  a  professor  of  the 
healing  art,  but  uniformly  and  invariably  iu  its  more  natural  meaning  of  teacher;  that 
is,  teacher  of  the  law,  (of  Moses,)  a  title  somewhat  analogous  to  our  title  of  doctor  of 
divinity. 

The  word  "  physician  "  occurs  both  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  iu  the  same  sense 
which  we  attribute  to  it  now.  The  most  ancient  allusion  to  members  of  the  medical 
faculty,  and  perhaps  the  earliest  mention  of  them  in  any  historical  record  extant 
occurs  in  Genesis,  chap.  .r>0,  verso  2,  where  it  is  stated  that  Joseph  employed  them 
to  embalm  the  body  of  his  father,  preparatory  to  its  transmission  to  the  ancestral  bury- 
ing-placo  of  his  family,  near  the  ancient  city  of  Hebron. 


ANNALS    OP   MEDICAL   PROGRESS.  61 

the  people  to  the  medical  practitioner,  when  speaking  to  him,  and  the 
term  physician  used  more  generally  when  speaking  of  him. 

3IEDICINE  IN  THE   SOUTH. 

The  Cnrolinas,  from  a  comparatively  early  period,  furnished  numer- 
ous valuable  contributions  to  the  literature  of  medicine  and  natural 
history,  and  for  some  years  led  all  the  States  in  the  study  of  the  natural 
sciences. 

As  early  as  1738,  Doctors  Maubray,  surgeon  in  the  British  navy,  and 
Kirkpatriek  introduced  and  conducted  successfully  general  inoculation 
at  Charleston.  The  practice  was  at  various  times  resorted  to  subse- 
quently. 

John  Lining,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who  settled  in  Charleston  in  1730, 
was  an  accomplished  physician,  and  published  in  1743  Observations 
on  the  Weather  of  Charleston  and,  later,  An  Account  of  the  Excre- 
tions of  the  Human  Body.  In  1753  he  published,  in  the  second  volume 
of  the  Medical  Observations  and  Inquiries,  p.  370,  "  A  description  of 
the  American  yellow  fever."     He  died  in  1700,  aged  52  years. 

Dr.  William  Bull  was  the  first  native  South  Carolina  physician  of 
note,  and  the  first  American,  who  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  This  was 
granted  at  Leyden  in  1731,  his  thesis  being  on  "Colica  pictonuui."  He 
died  July  1,  1791,  aged  82. 

Lionel  Chalmers,  a  native  of  Scotland  and  a  well-educated  physician, 
settled  in  Charleston  prior  to  1740.  In  1.754  he  published  An  Essay 
on  Opisthotonos  and  Tetanus  and  in  1708  an  article  on  fevers,  in 
which  he  adopted  the  "  spasmodic  theory."  In  1776  he  published  a 
work  in  two  volumes  on  the  Weather  aud  Diseases  of  South  Carolina. 
He  died  in  the  year  1777,  at  the  age  of  62. 

Dr.  John  Moultrie  was  the  next  South  Carolinian  who  received  the 
degree  of  M.  D.,  which  was  granted  in  1749,  from  Edinburgh.  His 
thesis  was  "  De  febra  flava." 

For  the  ten  years  intervening  between  1768  and  1778,  there  were  ten 
natives  of  South  Carolina  who  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medi 
cine  at  Edinburgh.  Various  unsuccessful  attempts  had  been  made  to 
regulate  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  State. 

Alexander  Gardner,  a  native  of  Edinburgh,  settled  in  Charleston  in 
1750.  In  1754  he  wrote  a  description  of  a  new  plant,  Gardenia, 
which  is  published  in  the  first  volume  of  Medical  Observations  and  En- 
quiries, p.  1.  In  1764  he-  published  an  accouut  of  the  Spigelia  mary 
landica,  or  Carolina  pink-root,  and  in  1772  a  second  and  enlarged 
edition  of  th#  paper  in  the  philosophical  transactions.  He  died  in 
London  in  1792,  aged  64. 

Vaccination  was  introduced  into  South  Carolina  in  February,  1802, 

by  Dr.  David  Ramsey,  who  was  one  of  the  most  emiucnt  physicians  of 

his  day  and  was  several  times  elected  to  the  State-  aud  national  legis- 

atures.    During  the  absence  of  President  Hancock,  at  which  time  Dr. 


62  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

Ramsey  occupied  a  seat  in  Congress,  he  was  appointed  president  pro 
tempore  of  that  body,  and  filled  the  ehair  until  the  return  of  Mr.  Han- 
cock— nearly  a  year.  He  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1749,  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1765,  and  in  1772  received  the  degree  of  M.  B.  at  Phila- 
delphia. He  wrote  a  number  of  historical  works  of  decided  merit  and 
also  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army.1  He  died  from  the 
effects  of  a  pistol-shot,  fired  by  one  Anson  More,  in  May,  1815. 

CAROLINA  SURGEONS  IN   THE   REVOLUTION. 

The  following  physicians  of  South  Carolina  served  in  a  professional 
capacity  in  the  Continental  Army  : 

Samuel  J.  Axon,  Robert  Brownlield,  ISathan  Brownson ,  John  Carne? 
Peter  Fayssoux,  Henry  C.  Flagg,  Oliver  Hart,  James  Houston,  Charles 
Lockman,  James  Martin,  William  Neufville,  Joseph  Prescott,  Jesse  H. 
Ramsey,  William  Read,  Sylvester  Springer,  William  S.  Stevens,  Fred- 
erick Guun,  Benjamin  Tetard,  Thomas  T.  Tucker,  Samuel  Vickers,  and 
John  Wallace. 

David  Oliphant  served  a  short  time  as  deputy  director-general  of  the 
Army,  but  it  is  probable  that  he  resigned  in  1776,  as  he  was  appointed 
to  a  judgeship  in  that  year.  He  was  afterward  elected  to  the  State 
assembly  of  South  Carolina. 

'A  Review  of  the  Improvements  arid  Progress  of  Medicine  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 

In  the  Carolinas  the  following  enactments  were  made  by  the  colonial  govern- 
ments :  An  act  relating  unto  the  office  and  duty  of  a  coroner,  aud  settling  and 
ascertaining  the  fees  of  same,  enacted  1706,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  2,  p.  289  ;  An  act 
for  the  more  effectual  preventing  the  spreading  of  contagious  distempers,  enacted 
1712,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  2,  p.  383  ;  An  act  for  preventing  as  much  as  may  be  the  spread- 
ing of  contagious  dis  tempers,  enacted  1721,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  3,  p.  127  ;  Au  act  for 
the  better  preventing  the  spreading  of  the  infection  of  small-pox  in  Charleston,  en- 
acted 1738,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  3,  p.  513;  Acts  additive  to  the-act  for  preventing  as  much 
as  may  be  the  spreading  of  contagious  distempers,  enacted  1747,  1752,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol. 
3,  pp.  694-771 ;  An  act  to  prevent  the  spreading  of  infectious  and  contagious  distem- 
pers in  Charleston  enacted  1749,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  3,  p.  720  ;  An  act  for  the  further  pre- 
venting the  spreading  of  contagious  and  malignant  distempers  in  this  province,  enacted 
1752,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  3,  p.  773;  An  act  appropriating  for  a  pest-house  and  other  pur- 
poses, enacted  1754,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  4,  p.  10  ;  An  act  for  preventing  as  much  as  may 
be  the  spreading  of  contagious  and  malignant  distempers  in  this  province,  and  re- 
pealing the  former  acts  heretofore  made  for  that  purpose,  enacted  1759,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  4, 
p.  78;  An  act  for  preventing  as  much  as  may  be  the  continuance  of  the  small-pox  in, 
Charleston,  and  the  further  spreading  of  that  distemper  in  this  province,  enacted  1760, 
Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  4,  p.  106  ;  An  act  for  preventing  as  much  as  may  be  the  spread 
ing  of  the  small-pox,  enacted  1764,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  4,  p.  182 ;  An  act  reviving  and 
amending  the  act  of  1759,  Stat.  S.  C,  vol.  4,  p.  572;  An  act  appointing  coroners, 
enacted  1715,  Stat.  N.  C,  ed.  1791,  p.  10 ;  An  act  to  prevent  malignant  and  infec- 
tious distempers  being  spread  by  shipping,  importing  distempered  "persons  into  this 
province,  and  other  purposes,  enacted  1755,  Stat.  N.  C,  ed.  1791,  p.  170 ;  An  act  to 
oblige  vessels  having  contagious  distempers  on  board  to  perforin  their  quarantine 
enacted  1774,  Stat.  N.  C,  ed.  1791,  p.  270 ;  Statute  do  officio  coronatoris,  English  stat- 
ute in  force  in  North  Carolina,  p.  13  ;  Statute  for  the  relief  and  ordering  of  persons  in- 
jected with  the  plague,  English  statute  in  force  in  North  Carolina,  p.  353. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  63 

Robert  Rose  and  Surgeon  Vaughn  served  to  the  close  of  the  war,  in 
a  regiment  formed  by  the  consolidation  of  the  first  and  second  regiments 
of  South  Carolina  troops. 

Dr.  Louis  Mattel,  a  native  of  France  and  a  well-educated  physician, 
practiced  near  Monks  Corner,  in  South  Carolina,  for  many  years.  In 
1756  he  removed  to  Charleston  and  practiced  in  partnership  with  Dr. 
Savage.     He  died  about  the  year  177f>. 

Joseph  Rush,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  a  physician  of  the  Revolution, 
settled  after  the  war  to  practice  on  St.  John's  Island,  S.  C.  He  served 
as  surgeon  under  Commodore  Barry.  His  death  took  place  Decem- 
ber 20,  1817. 

Alexander  Baron,  a  native  of  Scotland,  a  graduate  of  Edinburgh,  in 
1708,  immigrated  to  America  and  settled  in  Charleston  the  following  year. 
His  acquirements  attracted  attention,  and  Drs.  Millengen,  Oliphant, 
and  Wilson,  practitioners  of  extensive  business  at  the  time,  assisted  to 
introduce  him.     He  died  in  Charleston,  July  9,  1819,  aged  71. 

John  Lochman,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  Charleston,  Au- 
gust 16,  1819.     He  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Cincinnati. 

Dr.  William  Butler,  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  was  a  physician  of 
distinction  in  the  Edgefield  district.  He  was  the  father  of  Hon.  A. 
P.  Butler.     He  died  November  15,  1821,  aged  G7. 

Tucker  Harris,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  studied  med- 
ciue  with  Lionel  Chalmers,  in  Charleston.  He  received  his  medical  de 
gree  at  Edinburgh.  On  the  breaking-out  of  the  war  he  entered  the  mil 
tary  service  as  a  surgeon,  and  continued  in  this  position  until  the  resto- 
ration of  peace.     He  died  July  6,  1821,  aged  76. 

Robert  Wilson  and  his  son  Samuel  were  practitioners  of  reputation 
during  two  generations  in  Charleston.  The  latter  died  April,  1827,  aged 
about  70. 

William  Read,  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolution,  died  at  Charleston  April  20, 
1815,  aged  91.  He  was  appointed  by  Congress,  May  15,  1781,  hospital- 
physician  for  the  department  of  the  South. 

Lyman  Hall,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  of 
1717,  having  studied  medicine,  settled  in  Burke  County,  Ga.  He  after- 
ward became  governor  of  the  State.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot  during 
the  Revolution,  and  was  sent  by  St.  John's  parish  to  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1775  and  had  the  honor  of  signing  the  immortal  document 
that  signalized  our  independence. 

NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  materials  for  a  medical  history  of  this  State  are  few.  Neither 
the  population,  the  character  of  her  public  institutions,  the  size  of  her 
cities,  nor  the  operations  of  the  revolutionary  war  centered  much 
within  her  boundaries. 

Hugh  Williamson,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  a  man  of  exten- 
sive information  and  fine  professional  acquirements,  was  an  ardent  and 


64  CONTRIBUTIONS   TO   THE 

influential  patriot  in  the  Revolution  ;  was  a  surgeon  in  the  militia  under 
General  Caswell ;  was  a  member  of  Congress  and  also  a  member  of  the 
convention  that  framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  He  dis- 
played his  abilities  as  an  able  writer  upon  every  subject  that  he  handled. 
He  died  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  1819,  aged  83. 

James  B  renin,  during  the  revolutionary  war  a  surgeon  in  the  infant 
navy,  was  a  skillful  physician  of  a  philosophic  turn  of  mind  and  a  taste 
for  scientific  studies.  He  practiced  his  profession  with  success  for 
nearly  forty  years  at  Warrenton,  where  he  died,  April  8,  1819,  at  an 
advanced  age. 

Lancelot  Johnson,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  Caswell  County, 
N.  C,  September  19,  1832.  He  served  in  the  Ninth  North  Carolina 
Regiment,  which  was  employed  chiefly  in  the  South. 

Robert  Williams  died  in  Pitt  County,  IS".  C,  October  12,  1840,  aged 
82.  He  had  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  an  able 
physician  and  a  gentleman  of  superior  intelligence  and  ability.  His  pub- 
lic services  were  numerous,  and  he  took  part  in  the  committee  from 
North  Carolina  that  ratified  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Nathaniel  Alexander,  of  North  Carolina,  graduated  from  Princeton 
in  177G,  and,  having  studied  medicine,  entered  the  Army  as  a  surgeon's 
mate.  Upon  the  termination  of  the  war  he  settled  at  the  High  Hills 
of  the  Sautee,  where  he  practiced.  He  subsequently  removed  to  Meck- 
lenburg, was  elected  to  Congress,  and  while  occupying  a  seat  in  that 
body  was  chosen  governor  by  the  legislature  of  his  State.  He  died  at 
Salisbury,  March  8,  1808,  in  «the  fifty-second  year  of  his  age. 

The  following  medical  men  of  North  Carolina  rendered  assistance  to 
the  American  revolutionary  army  in  their  professional  capacity : 

Joseph  Blyth,  James  Fergus,  James  W.  Green,  and  Solomon  Holling. 

Surgeou  Samuel  Curtis  died  March  31,  1822,  in  Hillsboro'  County. 

David  Love  was  surgeon  of  the  North  Carolina  brigade  and  was 
captured  by  the  enemy  August  1,  1781,  and  confined  in  New  York. 

William  McClure  and  William  McLain  entered  the  Army  as  early 
as  1775  or  1776.     He  died  at  Lincoln,  N.  C,  October  25,  1828. 

EARLY  MEDICAL  TRAINING  IN  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Though  the  New  England  States  did  not  lead  in  medical  education 
their  chronicles  contain  the  earliest  authentic  mention  of  medical  mat- 
ters and  instruction  in  America. 

Giles  Firmin,  as  early  as  1647,  it  would  seem,  delivered  lectures  or 
readings  on  human  osteology,  and  is  said  to  have  had  the  first  "  anat- 
omy" in  the  country,  "which  he  did  make  and  read  upon  very  well." 
Dr.  Firmin  returned  to  England  in  1654,  was  ordained  a  minister,  and 
died  in  1697,  aged  80  years.1 

In  1771,  twelve  years  before  the  medical  department  was  organized,  a 

'New  England  Historical  aud  Goueological  Registers,  vol.  iv,  p.  11. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  65 

number  of  undergraduates  of  Harvard  banded  themselves  together  for 

the  secret  study  of  practical  anatomy.  Secrecy  was  a  necessity,  as  dis- 
section and  desecration  were,  in  those  days,  synonymous  in  the  minds 
of  the  people.  In  Massachusetts,  and  perhaps  other  States,  the  prac- 
tice was  a  felony  for  sixty  years  later. 

Who  the  instructor  of  this  class  was  is  left  to  conjecture.  Possibly  it 
was  Joseph  Warren,  afterward  the  hero  of  Bunker  Hill.  He  had  re- 
cently completed  his  medical  apprenticeship  of  seven  years,  according 
to  the  usage  of  the  period,  and  was  beginning  to  practice  in  Boston. 
His  brother  John,  in  ITS.'},  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Harvard  University  and  was  also  a  member  of  the  senior- 
class  referred  to. 

coy  X  EOT  I  ("'  r  T   PHYSICIANS. 

Phineas  Fiske,  born  at  Milford,  Conn.,  practiced  medicine  at  Had- 
dam.  Conn.,  where  he  died,  1 70S.  aged  85.  He  was  the  fourth  graduate 
of  Yale  College  in  170b  He  was  a  minister  and  contemporary  with 
Dr.  .hired  Eliot  and  distinguished  lor  his  skill  and  success  in  curing'  epi- 
lepsy and  insanity. 

Moses  Bartlett  practiced  medicine  in  Portland,  Conn.,  for  over  30 
years  and  died  in  17013.  He  was  the  son-in-law  of  Dr.  Phineas  Fiske, 
with  whom  he  studied  both  medicine  and  theology. 

Abijah  Moores  practiced  medicine  tor  many  years  at  Iladdam,  Conn., 
where  he  died  in  1759. 

Eliot  Rawson,  a  native  of  Dorchester.  Mass.,  practiced  medicine  with 
success  for  many  years  at  Iladdam,  Conn.,  where  he  died  in  1770. 

Thomas  Levenworth,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  died  at  Woodbury, 
where  he  practiced  for  years.     He  died  in  1G73. 

James  Hurlburt,  a  native  of  Berlin,  Conn.,  died  at  Wethersfield, 
April  11,  1771,  aged  50.  He  was  a  man  of  genius  and  learning,  but 
towards  the  close  of  his  life  became  addicted  to  the  extreme  use  of 
opium.  He  was  a  favorite  preceptor  for  some  years  with  young  men 
studying  medicine,  all  of  whom  retained  great  respect  for  his  judgment 
and  learning. 

David  Atwater  was  a  surgeon  in  General  Wooster's  brigade.  He  was 
killed  in  May,  1777,  in  the  capture  of  Danbury  by  the  British.  The 
general  was  also  killed  in  the  engagement. 

Edward  Sutton  was  a  surgeon  in  the  northern  department  during  the 
war,  but  died  of  dysentery,  while  in  service,  September  0,  1770. 

Abriham  Peet,  a  native  of  Bethlehem,  Conu.,  after  studying  his  pro- 
fession, settled  at  Canaan,  where  he  hail  a  large  practice.  He  died  in 
the  year  1780.  at  the  age  of  17. 

Norman  Morrison,  a  highly-educated  physician,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
came  to  America  and  settled  at  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  in  1710,  but  in  a 
couple  of  years  removed  to  Hartford,  where  he  acquired  a  large  practice, 
which  he  retained  till  the  time  of  his  death. 
5  M  P 


66  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

Joseph  Perkins,  a  native  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  an  eminent  physician 
and  surgeon,  practiced  his  profession  in  his  native  place,  where  he 
died  1794,  aged  90.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  in  1727.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  accomplished  physicians  and  surgeons  of  his  time, 
performing  with  success  many  daring  and  capital  operations. 

Oliver  Wolcott,  a  native  of  Windsor,  Mass.,  a  graduate  of  Yale  in 
1717,  was  not  only  a  good  physician,  but  an  ardent  patriot  during  the 
Eevolution,  and  held  many  important  offices.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  and  most  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  public  prac- 
tice.    He  died  December  1,  1797,  aged  71. 

Elihu  Hubbard  Smith  was  a  native  of  Litchfield,  Conn.  He  died  of 
yellow  fever  in  New  York  City,  September  19,  1798.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  Yale;  studied  medicine  and  settled  in  New  York.  Associated  with 
Doctors  Mitchell  and  Miller,  he  started  the  first  medical  journal  in  the 
United  States,  known  as  the  New  York  Medical  Eepository. 

Doctor  Campbell  was  appointed  surgeon's  mate  in  Colonel  Chapman's 
regiment  of  Connecticut  volunteers  in  1778  for  coast-duty. 

Dr.  Elias  Carrington,  of  Connecticut,  was  appointed  by  the  legis- 
lature of  that  State,  in  October,  1776,  as  one  of  a  board  to  examine 
applicants  for  the  positions  of  surgeons  and  surgeon's  mates  in  the  Army. 

Dr.  Abel  Castine,  of  Earriugton,  Conn.,  served  as  a  surgeon  during 
the  Eevolution.     He  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  December  23,  1831. 

Dr.  Mason  Fitch  Cogswell,  of  Connecticut,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Eevo- 
lution. After  the  war  he  settled  at  Hartford.  In  1803  he  ligated  the 
carotid  artery. 

John  Dickinson  was  a  physician,  and  died  in  Middleton,  1811,  aged 
S2.     He  had  held  many  offices  of  trust  and  was  greatly  esteemed. 

Connecticut  had  many  physicians  of  high  literary  and  professional 
attainments  and  some  who  were  noted  for  their  large  classes  of  private 
students.  In  this  colony  there  are  numerous  examples  of  the  clerical 
and  medical  professions  combined  in  the  same  individual,  and  among 
the  latest  of  this  class  was  the  Eev.  Jared  Eliot,  who  died  in  1763. 

Daniek  Porter,  celebrated  as  a  bone-setter  and  general  practitioner, 
was  allowed  an  increase  of  salary  in  1670,  on  the  implied  condition  that 
he  would  u  instruct  some  meet  person  in  the  art  for  which  he  was  so  dis- 
tinguished." 

The  first  medical  degree  granted  on  this  continent  is  believed  to  be 
that  conferred  on  Daniel  Turner  by  Yale  College,  in  1720.  As  this  de- 
gree was  an  honorary  one  and  intended  to  be  complimentary  to  Doctor 
Turner,  who  had  been  a  liberal  benefactor  to  the  college,  it  was  wag- 
gishly interpreted  to  signify  multum  donavit. 

The  medical  department  of  Yale  College  was  not  regularly  organ- 
ised until  1813.  This  colony  was  quite  celebrated,  from  its  first  settle- 
ment, for  the  number  of  its  intelligent  physicians,  and  next  to  Massa- 
chusetts advocated  the  most  advanced  theories  of  public  educatiou. 
Many  of  her  physicians,  from  their  superior  acquirements  and  skill,  occu- 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  67 

pied  responsible  positions  under  the  government  in  colonial  times,  and 
in  the  Army  dining  the  Revolution  ;  yet  we  do  not  find  that  they  have 
contributed  greatly  to  the  literature  of  the  profession. 

Dr.  John  Ely  established  a  hospital  at  Saybrook,iu  1770,  for  the  inoc- 
ulation of  the  small  pox,  (the  first  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  State,) 
which  he  conducted  in  an  acceptable  manner  and  with  good  success. 
He  commanded  a  regiment  of  American  troops  during  the  revolutionary 
war.     Died  in  1800,  aged  G3. 

Benjamin  Gale,  a  native  of  Long  Island,  born  1715,  published  a  trea- 
tise in  1750  on  inoculation  in  America  and  advocated  the  preparation 
of  the  patients  by  a  course  of  mercury.  This  was  a  meritorious  work, 
and  attracted  attention  from  the  profession  in  Europe,  as  well  as  in 
America.  He  published  also  in  170.5  an  essay  on  "  The  bite  of  the  rattle- 
snake."    He  died  at  Killingworth,  Conn.,  1790. 

Jared  Eliot,  a  physician  of  distinction,  was  also  a  minister.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Yale  College  in  1706  and  died  April  22,  1703,  '<\ihh\  is 

Josiah  Rose,  a  native  of  Wethersfield,  studied  medicine  in  Boston 
and  was  a  leading  physician  and  surgeon  of  his  day.  He  had  five  sous, 
who  studied  medicine  and  were  surgeons  in  the  revolutionary  war.  He 
died  in  1780,  aged  7(». 

Drs.  John  Bird,  of  Litchfield  ;  Perry,  sr.,  of  Woodbury  ;  James  Pot- 
ter, of  New  Fairfield  ;  and  William  Jepson,  of  Hartford,  were  all  promi- 
nent physicians  in  colonial  times  and  about  the  close  of  the  last  cen- 
turv. 

John  Bulkley,  a  native  of  Colchester,  combined  the  two  professions  of 
medicine  and  theology ;  was  au  exceedingly  popular  and  influential  per- 
son throughout  the  State,  and  held  various  offices  of  honor  and  trust. 
He  died  inl754,  aged  50. 

Drs.  John  Simpsou,  John  Xoyes,  John  Watrous,  and  John  Rose  alt 
held  honorable  positions  as  surgeons  in  the  revolutionary  army. 

The  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  Haven  was  instituted  in 
1781  aud  published  a  volume  of  cases  and  observations  in  1788,  which 
is  among  the  earliest  publications  of  the  kind  in  our  country. 

John  Osborne,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  1713.  He  was 
a  distinguished  physician,  scholar,  and  poet,  and  was  an  alumnus  of 
Harvard,  in  which  institution  he  was  proffered,  but  declined,  a  tutor. 
ship.  Having  studied  medicine,  he  practiced  at  Middletown  until  his 
death,  May  3, 175:;. 

Dr.  John  Osborne,  his  son,  was  born  March  17,  1711,  and,  after  prac- 
ticing medicine  at  Middletown  sixty  years,  died  in  June,  1825.  He  was 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  army  in  1758,  during  the  French  and 
Indian  war.     He  became  a  learned  botanist  aud  chemist. 

Isaac  Mosely  graduated  from  Yale  in  1702,  studied  medicine,  aud  com- 
menced practice  at  Glastonbury.  His  adherence  to  the  British  cause  led 
to  his  removal  to  England.  He  was  the  author  of  a  medical  essay  which. 
attracted  cousiderable  professional  attention. 


68  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

Elizur  Hale,  of  Glastonbury,  graduated  from  Yale  in  1712  and,  hav- 
ing studied  medicine,  settled  in  his  native  town  to  practice.  He  died 
May  27,  1790,  after  having  assiduously  performed  the  duties  of  his 
calling  forty-four  years.  He  once  represented  that  towniu  the  general 
assembly. 

His  son,  Elizur,  also  a  practitioner,  died  in  Glastonbury,  December 
C,  1796. 

Elisha  Phelps  and  Rev.  Moses  Bartlett,  practitioners  of  medicine, 
resided  at  Portland  from  1733  to  17(30.  The  latter  studied  both  medi- 
cine and  theology  with  Dr.  Phineas  Fiske,  of  Iladdam,  himself  a  medi- 
co theologian. 

Dr.  Aaron  Roberts,  of  Cornwell,  served  throughout  the  revolutionary 
war  as  a  surgeon  and  in  1783  removed  to  New  Britain,  where  he  died 
November  21,  1792,  aged  02. 

Moses  Bartlett,  son  of  the  Rev.  Moses  Bartlett,  also  a  physician,  stud- 
ied medicine  with  Dr.  Benjamin  Gale,  of  Willingworth,  (now  Clinton.) 
After  completing  his  studies,  he  commenced  practice  in  Portland.  Died 
in  1810.  His  brother  also  studied  under  Dr.  Gale,  and  located  and  prac- 
ticed in  Ashfield,  Mass. 

Asaph  Coleman,  a  native  of  Colchester,  was  admitted  to  the  practice 
of  medicine  by  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society  in  1771.  He  located  at 
Glastonbury,  but,  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution,  entered  the 
Continental  Army  as  surgeon  to  the  Connecticut  troops.  He  was  several 
times  elected  representative  to  the  general  assembly.  Died  November 
15,  1820,  aged  73. 

Dr.  John  Dickison,  son  of  the  Rev.  Moses  Dickison,  of  Norwalk,  com- 
menced practice  at  Wallingford,  but  by  invitation  of  the  selectmen  re- 
moved to  Middletown,  Avhere  he  acquired  a  good  reputation  and  an  ex- 
tensive practice.  As  a  representative,  he  occupied  a  seat  in  the  legisla- 
ture during  the  struggle  for  independence.  After  that  period  he  relin- 
quished the  practice  of  medicine,  and  in  1793  was  appointed  judge  of 
probate,  and  in  1790  judge  of  the  county-court,  both  of  which  offices  he 
retained  until  his  death,  in  1811,  in  the  eighty-second  year  of  his  age. 

Elisha  Belcher  was  born  in  Preston,  (now  Lebanon,)  in  the  year  1757, 
and,  having  received  a  good  preliminary  educatiou,  studied  medicine. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war  he  was  appointed 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  Continental  Army,  and  during  that  momentous 
struggle  participated  in  many  battles,  and  was  finally  promoted  to  a 
surgeoncy.  He  settled  at  Greenwich  upon  the  cessation  of  hostilities, 
and  not  only  did  his  reputation  extend  to  the  limits  of  his  own  county, 
but  reached  those  of  Westchester  County,  in  the  adjoining  State,  (New 
York.)     He  died  in  December,  1825,  at  the  age  of  09. 

Eueas  Munson  was  born  at  New  Haven,  June  21,  1731,  and  died  June 
10,  1820.  lie  graduated  at  Yale  in  1753  and  was  immediately  ap- 
pointed tutor  in  that  institution.  In  1755  he  was  appointed  chaplain 
in  tin;  army,  during  the  war  with   the  French  and   Indians,  but,  soon 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  G9 

leaving  the  military  service,  turned  his  attention  to  medicine, the  study 
of  which  he  began  under  Dr.  John  Darby,  of  East  Hampton.  Upon  the 
completion  of  his  studies,  he  settled  at  Bed  ford  :  served  as  a  surgeon  in 
the  Continental  Army,  and  was  elected  president  of  the  Connection! 
.Medical  Society;  in  1700  moved  to  the  town  of  his  nativity,  where  he 
died. 

Amos  Skeele  entered  the  Continental  Army  at  the  commencement  of 
the  war.  Being  wounded  in  the  right  arm,  he  left  the  military  service 
and  determined  upon  the  study  of  medicine.  Hestudied  in  Litchfield  and 
afterward  with  Dr.  Hastings,  of  Bethlehem.  lie  began  the  practice  at 
Haddam,  but,  after  practicing  in  several  places,  finally  settled  at  Chico- 
pee,  Mass.,  where  he  died,  March  2,  1843,  at  the  age  of  93. 

Eobert  Usher,  a  native  of  East  Haddam,  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Huntingdon,  of  Windham,  and  began  practice  in  17G2  at  Chatham.  In 
January,  1770,  he  entered  the  Continental  Army  as  surgeon  of  Colonel 
Wadswortlfs  regiment,  and  served  some  time  in  that  capacity,  and 
died  in  the  year  1820,  aged  77. 

CONNECTICUT   SURGEONS   IN   THE   REVOLUTION. 

The  following-named  physicians  of  Connecticut  served  in  their  pro- 
fessional capacity  iu  the  American  revolutionary  army  :  David  Adams, 
Isaac  Branson,  !N~oah  Coleman,  Timothy  Hosmer,  Timothy  Mather,  John 
Nbyes,  John  Rose,  John  Simpson,  Justus  Storrs,  John  R.  Watrous, 
Samuel  Lee  of  Windham,  Aaron  Roberts  of  New  Britain,  Albigeren 
Waldo  of  Windham,  Laurett  Hubbard  of  Hartford,  and  Isaac  Smith  of 
Greenwich. 

Jared  Potter  and  Witham  Gould  were  commissioned,  July  3, 177G,  sur- 
geon aud  surgeon's  mate,  respectively,  of  Col.  William  Douglas's  regi- 
ment. 

Surgeon  David  Holmes  died  March  20,  1779. 

Thomas  Skinner  was  commissioned  iu  the  medical  department  of  the 
Army  in  177.J  or  early  in  1770. 

The  names  of  many  other  Connecticut  physicians  deserving  of  men- 
tion might  be  added  if  time  and  space  permitted.  No  legislation  that 
is  deemed  remarkable  in  its  effect  on  the  profession  has  been  enacted 
in  the  State.1 

1  The  following  laws  wore  euacted  in  Connecticut  during  the  colonial  government: 
An  act  providing  in  case  of  contagious  sickness,  enacted  1711,  Stat.  Conn.,  ed.  1715,  p. 
160;  An  act  in  prevent  the  small-pox  being  spread  in  this  colony  by  pedlars,  hawkers, 
and  petty  chapinen,  enacted  1722,  Stat.  Conn.,  p.  270;  Physicians  and  chirurgeons  to 
be  exempt  from  performing  military  duty,  enacted  1722,  Stat,  Conn.,  p.  78,  act  regu- 
lating militia;  Physicians  and  chirurgeons  to  be  taxed  and  rated  as  others,  enacted 
1722,  Stat.  Conn.,  p.  282;  An  act  amending  the  act  of  1711,  enacted  1728,  Stat.  Conn., 
p,  352;  An  act  providing  in  all  cases  of  contagions  sickness,  enacted  1729,  Stat.  Conn., 
1750, p.  225;  An  act  providing  in  case  of  infectious  diseases,  enacted  1732,  Stat.  Conn., 
p.  391;  An  act  additive  to  the  acl  of  1729, requiring  that  all  goods  coming  from  infected 
places  be  aired  before  exposure  for  sale,  enacted  1752,  Stat.  Conn.,  ed.  1769,  p. 265;  An 
ad  additive  to  the  foregoing,  providing  for  vessels  coming  from  infected   ports,  enact  -d 


70  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

EARLY  PHYSICIANS  IN  RHODE   ISLAND. 

Dr.  John  Clark,  formerly  a  physician  of  London,  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  Rhode  Island.  He  originally  settled  in  Boston,  but  was  banished, 
and,  with  Roger  Williams,  sought  an  asylum  in  the  new  region  to  the 
smth.  When  the  church  in  that  colony  was  organized,  in  161-1,  he 
was  appointed  pastor  and  in  1619  wras  made  assistant  treasurer  of  the 
colony.  He  died  at  Newport,  April  20,  167G,  at  the  age  of  G7  years, 
leaving  a  reputation  unsurpassed  for  purity  of  life. 

Dr.  William  Hunter,  a  Scotchman  by  birth,  and  a  member  of  the 
distinguished  family  of  that  name,  came  to  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island 
in  1752.  He  lectured  upon  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  years  175.3 
and  1756,  not  only  to  medical  men  and  students,  but  to  the  literary  gen- 
tlemen of  the  city  of  [Newport.  He  also  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the 
French  and  Indian  war.  An  oil-portrait  of  the  doctor  is  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  Hunter,  of  the  State-Department,  in  Washington,  who  is  a 
lineal  descendant  of  the  doctor. 

Dr.  Haliburton,  a  contemporary  of  Dr.  Hunter,  was  his  rival  in  talent 
and  professional  ability. 

Dr.  Bowen,  a  physician  of  eminence,  resided  in  lihode  Island,  and 
enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  people  as  early  as  1610,  probably  coming 
in  with  the  second  party  from  Massachusetts. 

In  1663,  Capt.  John  Cranston  was  licensed  by  the  general  court  "  to 
administer  physicke  and  practice  chirurgerie,"  and  had  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  in  the  following  words  :  "And  is  by  this  court 
styled  doctor  of  physick  and  chirurgery  by  the  authority  of  this  the 
general  assembly  of  this  colony,"  (Rhode  Island.)  This  may  be  claimed, 
perhaps,  to  be  the  first  medical  degree  conferred  in  America. 

Pierre  Ayrault,  a  French  refugee,  who  settled  iu  the  colony  in  the 
year  1686,  was  a  practitioner  of  physic. 

Drs.  John  Bret  and  Thomas  Moffatt  enjoyed  medical  reputation  as 
early  as  1751.  The  estate  of  the  latter,  on  account  of  his  British  pro- 
clivities, was  forfeited  in  1775. 

Dr.  Ephraim  Bowen,  the  originator  of  the  order  known  as  the  Daugh- 
ters of  Liberty,  was  practicing  his  profession  in  Rhode  Island  in  1766. 

Jabez  Brown,  a  native  of  Seekonk,  R.  L,  was  practicing  medicine  at 
Providence  as  early  as  the  year  1700. 

A  son  of  his,  Jabez  Brown,  and  Benjamin  West,  practitioners  of  medi- 
ciue,  assisted  Joseph  Brown,  of  Providence,  in  determiniug  the  latitude 
and  longitude  of  that  town  during  the  transit  of  Venus,  in  17G9. 

John  Mawney,  a  medical  student,  rendered  professional  services  to 

1  ?.",(;,  Stat.  Conn.,  1769,  p.  281;  An  act  additive  to  the  same,  regulating  inoculation, 
enacted  1760,  Stat.  Conn.,  1769,  p..298;  An  act  additive  to  the  same,  concerning  inocu- 
lation, enacted  1760,  Stat.  Conn.,  1761),  p.  300;  An  act  additive  to  the  same,  concerning 
inoculation,  enacted  1761,  Stat.  Conn.,ed.  1769,  p.  302;  An  act  reviving  the  original  act 
<>f  1729,  with  all  its  additions,  enacted  1769,  Stat.  Conn., ed.  1769, pp.  305-344;  An  act  for 
the,  suppression  of  mountebanks,  (dealers  in  quack  medicines,)  enacted  1773,  Stat.  Conn., 
]>.  389. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  71 

Duddiugton,  who  was  wounded  in  an  expedition  commanded  by  Capt. 
Abraham  Whipple,  in  1772. 

Jonathan  Arnold,  a  physician  of  Providence,  was  a  deputy  to  the 
Continental  Gougress  in  1 776,  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the  claims  of 
the  King.  In  1782  he  sustained  Mr.  Howell  in  his  protest  against  the 
infringement  by  Congress  upon  the  rights  of  the  State  and  was  re- 
elected to  Congress  in  the  following  year. 

Isaac  Senter,  a  native  of  Londonderry,  X.  H.,  was  studying  medicine 
at  Newport  when  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  reached  him; 
and,  filled  with  patriotic  ardor,  he  immediately  joined  the  Rhode  Island 
troops  as  surgeon  of  a  regiment.  He  accompanied  the  secret  expe- 
dition of  General  Arnold  to  Quebec  in  L775  and  kept  a  private  journal 
of  the  march.  He  was  taken  prisoner,  but  was  afterward  released. 
In  1779  he  retired  from  the  Army,  and  commenced  practice  at  Crans- 
ton, and  subsequently  removed  to  Newport.  From  the  former  town  he 
was  sent  as  a  representative  to  the  general  assembly.  He  was  ap- 
pointed physician  and  surgeon-general  of  the  State,  and  contributed 
several  papers  to  the  literature  of  medicine;  one,  An  Account  of  a 
Singular  Case  of  Ischuria,  published  in  18th  vol.  Memoirs  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  London.     He  died  in  1799. 

Richard  Bowen  was  a  physician  in  practice  at  Seekouk,  R.  I.,  as  early 
as  1680.  His  residence  was  in  proximity  to  Providence  and  he  visited 
the  sick  of  that  place. 

Norbert  Feliciau  Vigneron  was  a  native  of  France ;  was  an  educated 
physician;  emigrated  with  his  family  and  settled  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  in 
1690;  pursued  the  practice  of  his  profession  until  the  time  of  his  death, 
1794,  aged  9,3.  His  son,  Charles  Autonius  Vigneron,  also  studied  medi- 
iciue,  and  practiced  in  Rhode  Island  and  in  New  York,  where  he  died  of 
small-pox  iu  1772.  A  son  of  the  late  Stephen  Vigneron  was  a  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Navy  during  the  revolutionary  war,  but  was  lost  at 
sea. 

Thomas  Redman,  a  native  of  England,  was  educated  to  the  profession 
of  medicine.  In  16S0  he  settled  to  practice  at  Newport  and  was  a  pop- 
ular physician.     He  died  in  1727,  aged  80. 

Joseph  Hewes,  a  surgeon  during  the  revolutionary  war,  practiced  at 
Providence.  He  was  the  preceptor  of  many  young  meu  who  rose  to 
eminence  in  the  profession.     He  died  September  30,  1790,  aged  82. 

Sylvester  Gardner,  a  native  of  South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  died  at  New- 
port, August  8,  1790,  aged  09.  He  had  received  a  good  classical  and 
medical  education.  He  settled  to  practice  in  Boston,  where  he  acquired 
wealth.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he  sided  with  Great  Britain, 
and  abandoned  all  his  property.  Alter  peace  was  restored  he  returned 
to  Newport  and  again  engaged  in  practice  with  success  and  reputation., 

Daniel  Lee,  a  physician  of  some  note,  died  of  yellow  fever  at  "West- 
erly, Washington  County,  R.  I.,  September  10,  1798,  aged  11. 

William  Bradford,  a  native  of  I'lympton.  Mass.,  was  an  accomplished 


79 


CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 


physician,  and  practiced  for  half  a  century  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  where  he 

died  July  G,  1S0S,  aged  79.  He  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Hon.  \V- 
Bradford,  one  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers.  In  addition  to  his  practice  as  a 
physician  he  studied  law,  and  for  years  was  one  of  the  leading  men  in 
the  State  and  an  ardent  patriot  in  the  Revolution. 

Ephraim  Bowen,  qualifying  himself  for  tin?  practice  of  medicine, 
settled  in  Providence,  R.  L,  where  he  spent  a  long  and  useful  life.  He 
died  October  12,  1812,  aged  96. 

Daniel  Peck  Whipple,  a  native  of  Ehotle  Island,  was  a  surgeon  in  the 
revolutionary  war,  serving  part  of  tbe  time  in  the  Navy  and  part  in  the 
Army.     He  died  in  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  May  19,  1811. 

Amos  Throop,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  studied  medicine  and  settled 
in  Providence,  R.  1.,  and  engaged  actively  in  practice  until  his  death, 
April,  1811,  aged  70.  He  was  the  first  physician  in  Providence  who  set 
up  as  an  obstetrician.  He  was  the  first  president  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Medical  Society.     He  also  filled  offices  of  honor  and  trust  in  the  State. 

Peter  Turner,  a  native  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  war  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  Colonel  Green's  Rhode  Island 
regiment.  He  had  settled  to  practice  at  Greenwich.  After  the  war  he 
returned  to  his  practice,  which  was  large  and  lucrative  to  the  time  of 
his  death,  which  occurred  February  11,  1822,  at  the  age  of  71. 

Pardon  Bowen  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.  He  was  a  physician  of 
great  eminence ;  was  a  graduate  of  Rhode  Island  College  (now  Brown 
University)  and  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  through  life  a 
close  observer  and  wrote  some  valuable  papers,  one  particularly  on 
yellow  fever.    He  died  at  Norwich,  R.  I.,  aged  09. 

Samuel  Tenny,  a  native  of  Byfield,  Mass.,  was  educated  at  Harvard 
College,  and  studied  medicine.  He  rendered  medical  services  at  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill  and  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  American  Army 
in  Colonel  Israel's  Rhode  Island  troops.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  set- 
tled at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  where  he  remained  until  his  death,  in  the  year 
181G.  He  was  judge  of  probate  for  many  years  and  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Congress  in  1800,  and  served  to  1S07.  His  death  oc- 
curred in  1810. 

The  following  gentlemen  served  as  surgeons  in  the  Rhode  Island  pro- 
vincial troops  during  the  French  and  Indian  war:  John  Bass,  (who  was 
also  a  chaplain,)  Benjamin  Brown,  Thomas  Monroe,  Christopher  Nich- 
ols, and  Thomas  Rodman. 

John  Bartlett,  Nicholas  N.  Bogart,  John  Chace,  Joseph  Rhodes,  Eb- 
euezer  Richmond,  Levi  Wneaton,  John  Parish,  and  Joseph  Bowen,  who 
served  as  surgeons  in  the  American  revolutionary  army,  were  all  resi- 
dents of  this  State.1 

'The  only  acl  passed  by  the  colonial  government  of  Rhode  Island  of  interest  in  onr 
present  inquiry  is  one  entitled  "An  act  to  prevent  the  spreading  of  the  small-pox  and 
other  contagious  diseases  in  this  State,''  which  was  enacted  in  1743  and  revived  and 
[sed  in  174S.— (Stat.  R.  L,  ed.  1798,  to'.  335.) 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  73 

MEDICAL   SCIENCE    ELSEWHERE. 

Going  farther  southward,  we  find  in  New  Tort  the  earliest  recorded 
instance  of  a  demonstration  from  the  cadaver  for  the  instruction  of 
students. 

In  1750  Drs.  Middleton  and  Bard  injected  and  dissected  the  body  of 
an  executed  criminal  before  their  students.  In  the  same  city  1  >r.  Samuel 
Glossy,  a  Dublin  graduate,  began  courses  of  lectures  on  anatomy. 

lu  the  Jerseys,  Thos.  Wood,  surgeon,  in  175l',  advertised  through  the 
New  York  press  "A  course  on  osteology  and  myology  in  the  city  of  New 
Brunswick,"  of  about  one  month's  continuance,  to  be  followed,  if  proper 
encouragement  was  given,  by  a  "Course  on  angiology  and  neurology," 
and  conclude  with  performing  all  the  operations  on  the  dead  body. 

EAKLY   PHYSICIANS   IN  NEW  JERSEY. 

The  earliest  physician  in  New  Jersey  of  whom  Ave  have  any  record 
was  Abraham  Peirson,  also  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, England.  He  graduated  at  Cambridge  in  1632  and  immigrated  to 
Boston  in  1639.  He  removed  to  Southampton,  11.  I.,  and  subsequently, 
in  1667,  to  Newark,  X.  J.,  and  was  the  first  minister  of  that  town.  He 
died  August  7,  1678. 

Dr.  Jonathan  Dickinson,  a  native  of  Hatfield,  Mass.,  was  the  first 
president  of  Princeton  College  (formerly  the  college  of  New  Jersey) 
and  the  first  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  Elizabeth.  He  was 
also  a  practicing  physician  of  considerable  repute  during  the  first  forty 
years  of  the  last  century.     He  died  October  7,  1717,  aged  59  years. 

William  Turner  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  N.  T.  Pinquerou,  a  French, 
man  from  the  province  D'Artois,  who  had  settled  in  Newport,  E.  I.,  in 
1690,  and,  having  finished  his  studies,  removed  to  Newark,  where  he 
practiced  his  profession  probably  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred subsequently  to  1750. 

Daniel  Cox  was  a  physician  in  extensive  practice  in  London,  but  it  is 
doubtful  if  he  practiced  in  America.  In  1690  he  purchased  the  greater 
part  of  West  Jersey,  and  was  constituted  governor  of  his  grant.  He  ap- 
pointed a  deputy,  however,  rather  than  relinquish  his  professional  busi- 
ness, and  eventually  sold  his  right  to  Sir  Thomas  Lane. 

Dr.  Jacob  Arents,  a  Hollander,  was  naturalized  in  the  year  1716,  and 
practiced  medicine  in  Newark  from  that  time  until  the  year  1750. 

John  liockhill,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  was  born  in  Bur- 
lington County,  March  22, 1726,  and  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Thomas 
Cadwallader,  of  Philadelphia.  He  settled  at  Pittstown  in  171S  and 
enjoyed  a  remunerative  and  extensive  practice  for  nearly  fifty  years. 
He  died  April  7,  1798. 

Dr.  John  Gerard  Shults  practiced  medicine  in  Essex  County  as  early 
as  1730.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  native  of  Holland,  who  came 
originally  to  New  York,  but  subsequently  removed  to  New  Jersey. 

Elijah  Lowen,  the  earliest  practitioner  of  medicine  in  Cumberland 


74  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

County,  began  practice  at  Shiloh  in  1730  and  continued  until  his  death, 
wbicb  took  place  September  20,  1773,  at  an  advanced  age.  Tradition 
says  tbat  be  used  vegetable-remedies  only. 

Dr.  Elijah  Bowen,  jr.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  Cohansey  in 
1711,  and  died,  December  21,  1705,  at  the  age  of  51,  at  Hopewell.  Like 
bis  father,  be  obtained  his  remedies  from  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Dr.  Seth  Ward,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  came  to  Greenwich  in  1700 
and  practiced  until  his  death,  which  occurred,  February  27,  1774,  at  the 
age  of  38  years. 

Gersham  Craven  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1705  and,  having 
atteuded  medical  lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  located  at 
Eangoes,  in  1771,  where  he  became  popular  and  very  successful  in  his 
profession.     He  died,  May  3,  1819,  at  the  age  of  75  years. 

Jonathan  Elmer  was  born  at  Cedarville,  November  29, 1715,  and,  hav- 
ing finished  his  preliminary  education,  commenced  the  study  of  medicine 
with  Dr.  John  Morgan,  of  Philadelphia.  He  attended  the  first  course 
of  lectures  delivered  in  the  medical  school  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, received  the  degree  of  M.  B.  in  1708,  and  commenced  the  practice 
of  his  profession  at  Eoadstown,  but  afterward  removed  to  Bridgeton. 
In  1771  the  degree  of  M.  B.  was  conferred  upon  him.  In  1772  he  was 
appointed  sheriff  of  Cumberland  County,  but  was  deposed  for  expressed 
hostility  to  British  encroachments.  He  was  also,  respectively,  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Provincial  and  Continental  Congresses,  an  officer  in  the 
American  revolutionary  army,  clerk  of  the  county,  judge  of  probate,  a 
United  States  Representative,  and  Senator.  He  died  September  3, 1811, 
aged  72  years. 

Dr.  Robert  Halsted  was  born  September  13,  1710,  and  died  at  Eliza- 
bethtown  in  1825.  He  was  an  able  physician,  and  having  rendered  serv- 
ices to  the  continental  soldiers  he  was  imprisoned  by  the  British  on  the 
information  of  a  tory  neighbor. 

Thomas  Ewing,  the  great  grandson  of  Finley  Ewing,  an  Irish  patriot 
who  bad  been  presented  with  a  sword  by  King  William  for  bravery  at 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  was  born  at  Greenwich,  September  13,  1718. 
He  received  a  classical  education  and  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  . 
Dr.  Samuel  Ward,  of  Greenwich;  but  upon  completing  bis  studies  re- 
moved to  Cape  May,  where  he  commenced  practice.  After  the  death  of 
his  preceptor  he  returned  to  his  native  town  and  practiced  there  until 
bis  death,  which  was  caused  by  consumption,  October  7,  1782.  He  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  surgeon,  and  afterward  as  major,  in  the  Ameri- 
can Army  and  served  during  the  revolutionary  war. 

Dr.  Deancy  practiced  medicine  at  Newark  as  early  as  the  year  1748. 

Dr.  George  Andrew  Veisselius,  a  native  of  Germany  or  Holland,  immi- 
grated to  this  country  in  1719  and  located  himself  at  Three  Bridges, 
where  he  afterward  married.  He  was  a  skillful  and  successful  physi- 
cian. After  his  death)  in  1707,  his  wife,  an  amiable  and  intelligent 
worn  in,  was  frequently  called  apfon  by  her  neighbors  for  medical  advice. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  75 

Dr.  CTzal  Johnson,  born  April  17,  1751,  died  .May  22,  1827,  was  a 
practitioner  of  medicine.  ILe  was  elected  to  the  Provincial  Congress  in 
177."),  but  declined  the  position  and  entered  the  British  army.  Being 
lame,  he  always  rode  in  a  small- wheeled  carriage,  upon  the  panels  of 
which  was  emblazoned  the  motto  "Xon  nunqnam  paratus." 

Dr.  Caleb  Halsted,  son  of  Dr.  Robert  Ealsted,  was  born  in  Eliza- 
beth, September  5,  17.32,  and  died,  August  18,  1827,  at  the  age  of  75 
years.  He  was  a  leading  physician  of  his  day  and  rendered  professional 
services  to  many  French  families  of  the  nobility  who  settled  in  and 
about  Elizabeth.  When  General  Martinis  de  La  Fayette  came  to  this 
country,  in  1S25,  he  paid  a  visit  to  the  doctor,  then  in  his  seventy-third 
year. 

Ebenezer  Elmer,  brother  of  Dr.  Jonathan  Elmer,  was  born  at Cedar- 
ville,  in  1752.  Having  received  a  classical  education,  he  studied  medicine, 
but  before  completing  his  course  he  entered  the  Army  as  an  ensign, 
which  position,  however,  lie  resigned,  in  1777,  for  an  appointment  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  Army.  In  1789  he  was  elected  speaker 
of  the  general  assembly,  and  afterward  a  Representative  in  the  United 
States  Congress,  and  was  also  a  general  of  militia  during  the  war  of  1812. 
He  held  at  various  times  during  his  life  numerous  State-  and  Federal 
Offices  and  died,  October  IS,  1843,  in  the  ninety-first  year  of  his  age. 

John  Darby,  a  Presbyterian  divine  and  also  a  physician, practiced  med- 
icine at  Parsippany  as  early  as  1750.  He  died  in  1805,  aged  80  years. 
Bis  son,  Henry  White  Darby,  having  graduated  at  one  of  the  eastern 
colleges,  studied  medicine  and  practiced  at  Parsippany,  where  he  died,  in 
December,  1800,  at  the  age  of  48  years. 

John  Hanna,  a  native  of  Ireland,  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in 
1755,  studied  medicine  and  theology,  and  was  appointed  pastor  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  at  Bethlehem,  but  subsequently  at  Kingwood, 
Pittstown,  and  Alexandria,  at  which  latter  place  he  died,  November  4, 
1801,  at  the  age  of  70  years.  He  maintained  a  good  reputation  as  a 
physician. 

Lewis  Howell,  a  twin  brother  of  Richard  Howell,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  was  born,  October  25,  1754,  in  Delaware,  and  removed  to  Cum- 
berland County,  New  Jersey,  with  his  parents,  where  he  shortly  after- 
ward commenced  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Jonathan  Elmer.  In 
1777,  having  completed  his  studies,  he  was  commissioned  a  surgeon  in 
the  Continental  Army.  On  the  day  before  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  he 
was  taken  suddenly  ill,  at  Monmouth  Court-House,  and  died  on  the  day 
of  the  battle. 

Dr.  John  Condict,  born  at  Orange,  duly  15,  1755,  was  a  practitioner 
with  large  professional  business.  He  was  a  surgeon  and  afterward  a 
colonel  in  the  Continental  Army,  and  also  a  member  of  the  New  Jersey 
legislature. 

George  Campbell  was  born  in  Tyrone  County,  Ireland,  August  15.  175s. 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Dublin,  and  studied  medicine  under  Doctor 


76  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

McFarlin.  He  immigrated  to  America  while  the  revolutionary  war  was 
in  progress  and  entered  the  American  Army  as  a  surgeon.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  commenced  practice  in  Franklin  and  soon  acquired  a  large 
and  remunerative  business.  In  1818  he  was  stricken  with_  paralysis, 
which  caused  his  death  in  the  sixtieth  year  of  his  age. 

Isaac  Morse,  a  Quaker,  descended  of  noble  ancestry,  was  born  at 
Railway,  August  5,  175S,  and  died  at  Elizabeth,  July  23,  1S25.  lie 
was  a  student  under  Dr.  William  Barnet.  He  was  very  popular  as  a 
citizen  and.  his  reputation  as  a  physician  was  good. 

Dr.  James  Johnson,  a  native  of  England,  practiced  at  Roadstown  pre- 
viously to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred,  May  25, 1759,  in  the  fifty- 
third  year  of  his  age.  He  is  said  to  have  married  the  daughter  of  an 
Indian  chief. 

Samuel  Moore  Shute  was  born  in  Cumberland  County,  in  17G2,  and, 
although  but  14  years  old  at  the  breaking-out  of  the  Revolution,  his 
name  appears  upou  the  records  of  the  revolutionary  war  as  an  officer  in 
the  Army.  After  leaving  the  military  service  he  entered  the  office  of 
Dr.  Jonathan  Elmer  as  a  student  and  on  the  completion  of  his  studies 
settled  in  Bridgeton,  where  he  died  August  30,  1810,  at  the  age  of  51 
years.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  practitioners  of  the  town  and  was  ap- 
pointed surrogate  of  Cumberland  County  by  the  governor  of  that  State. 

Dr.  Bernard  Budd  was  one  of  the  fourteen  original  fouuders  of  the 
New  Jersey  Medical  Society,  which  was  organized  in  1700  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1790.  He  was  a  surgeon  iu  the  revolutionary  war,  and  his 
reputation  as  such  was  second  to  none  of  that  period.  His  son,  John  C. 
Budd,  was  born  May  20,  1702,  at  Morristowu,  and  died  January  12, 
1815.  His  medical  studies  were  prosecuted  under  Dr.  John  Condict,  of 
Orange,  and  he  was  a  skillful  practitioner. 

Oliver  Barnet  practiced  medicine  at  New  G-ermautown  as  early  as 
1705.  He  acquired  an  excellent  reputation  as  a  physician,  but  his  pa- 
tients often  complained  of  his  excessive  charges.  He  died  December 
25,  1809,  in  the  sixty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  after  having  amassed  a  for- 
tune of  over  eighty  thousand  dollars  from  his  professional  business. 

John  D.  Williams  was  born  November  5,  1705,  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Daniel  Barret,  and  commenced  practice  at  Connecticut  Farms. 
He  married  a  sister  of  the  elder  Governor  Pennington  and  was  appoint- 
ed a  magistrate  for  the  couuty  of  Essex.  He  was  the  first  president  of 
the  New  Jersey  Medical  Society  and  died  January  5,  182G. 

The  first  resident  physician  of  Flemington  was  Dr.  Creed,  who  prac- 
ticed there  as  early  as  1705. 

Aaron  Forman,  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  was  born  February  1, 
1715,  in  Wales,  and,  having  immigrated  to  this  country,  died  in  Hunter- 
don County,  January  11,  1805.  He  was  a  prominent  physician  and 
surgeon,  careful  of  his  reputation  and  proud  of  iiis  profession. 

Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  a  practitioner  of  medicine  at  Newark,  died 
August  7,  1770,  aged  36. 


ANNALS    OP    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  77 

Dr.  Paul  Michlau,  a  physician  of  Elizabeth,  was  enrolled  a  member 
of  the  State  Medical  Society  ill  1771*. 

Dr.  Echabod  Burnet,  a  native  of  Scotland,  practiced  medicine  in  Eliz- 
abeth, lie  died  in  177  1,  at  the  age  of  90.  His  son,  William  Bur- 
net, was  born  December  -,  L730,  and  joined  the  American  Continental 
Army  (at  the  commencement  of  the  struggle  for  independence)  as  a 
surgeon  and  in  the  fall  of  177.~»  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  United 
States  Hospital.  In  1  77<i  he  was  chosen  to  the  Continental  Congress 
and  later  was  constituted  physician  and  surgeon-general  of  the  eastern 
district,  which  latter 'position  he  held  until  the  close  of  the  war.  lie 
died  in  1791,  aged  01. 

Dr.  John  Griffith  was  practicing  physic  at  Rahway  at  the  time  of  the 
organization  of  the  medical  society  and  was  president  of  it  in  L790. 

Robert  Patterson,  a  native  of  Ireland,  kept  a  store  in  Bridgeton  in 
177."),  but,  abandoning  the  mercantile  business,  commenced  the  study  of 
medicine  and  after  completing  a  course  of  studies  entered  the  Army 
as  an  assistant  surgeon.  Cumberland  County  became  the  theater  ol 
his  professional  labors  after  his  leaving  the  Army.  In  1779  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania; 
later,  Director  of  the  Mint,  by  President  Jefferson;  and  finally,  in  1819, 
was  elected  president  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  Died  in 
1824,  aged  82. 

Mathias  Peirson  was  born  In  Orange,  June  20,  1734,  and  spent  his 
life  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in  that  town.  He  died  May  9,  180?. 
aged  74.  Descendants  of  his,  bearing  the  same  name,  still  adorn  the 
profession  in  New  Jersey  and  other  States  of  the  Union. 

Dr.  Edward  Pigot  was  one  of  the  earliest  physicians  of  Essex  County, 

Drs.  William  Barnet,  William  Burnel,  Jabez  Campfield,  Moses  G.  El- 
mer, Jacob  Harris,  Otto  Bodo,  Benjamin  Stockton,  and  Garrett  Tunison 
were  surgeons  to  the  Xew  Jersey  troops  in  the  Continental  Army. 

FORMATION  OF  MEDICAL  SOCIETIES. 

In  New  Jersey  a  general  or  State  medical  society  was  organized  on 
the  voluntary  principle  in  1706  and  was  incorporated  by  the  State  in 
1790.  This  was  the  second,  if  not  the  first,  medical  association  of  the 
country,  and  the  only  one  that  has  survived  which  is  known  to  have 
preserved  records  and  transactions  that  antedate  the  Revolution. 

Their  desire  to  elevate  the  standard  of  medical  education  is  evident, 
as  rules  were  prescribed  to  its  members  at  an  early  day  in  reference  to 
receiving  medical  apprentices  under  their  charge.1 

Its  regulations  provided  tliat  "The  apprentice  must  be  refused  unless 

1  The  following-named  gentlemen  were  the  founders  and  original  members  of  the 
New  Jersey  Medical  Society,  which  was  established  .July  20,  1766 : 

Robert  McKean,  Christopher  Manlove,  John  Cockran,  Moses  Bloomfield,  James  Gilli- 
land,  William  Bnrnet,  Jonathan  Dayton,  Thomas  Wiggins,  William  Adams.  Bernard 
Budd,  Lawrence  van  Derveer,  John  Griffith,  Isaac  Harris,  Joseph  Sacket. 


78  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

he  has  a  competent  knowledge  of  Latin  and  some  acquaintance  with  the 
rudiments  of  Greek  and  will  serve  not  less  than  four  years,  one  of 
which  may  be  spent  abroad,  and  pay  one  hundred  pounds,  proclama- 
tion-money, as  apprentice-fee."  The  general  assembly  of  New  Jersey,  in 
1772,  for  the  first  time,  passed  a  law  regulating  the  practice  of  mediciue 
in  the  province,  requiring  all  practitioners  of  medicine  to  be  examined 
and  licensed  under  the  direction  of  at  least  two  of  the  judges  of  the 
supreme  court,  upon  due  examination  of  his  learning  and  skill  in 
physic  and  surgery.  This  law  followed  closely  the  stipulations  and  pre- 
served the  spirit  of  an  act  passed  in  the  colony  of  New  York,  in  17G0, 
for  the  regulation  of  practice  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  seems  to 
have  exercised  a  good  influence. 

John  Morgan,  immediately  on  his  return  to  Philadelphia,  in  17G5,  was 
instrumental  in  organizing  a  medical  society,  called  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  Society,  which  was  the  first  in  Pennsylvania.  An  American 
medical  society  was  formed  in  Philadelphia  in  1783,  of  which  Dr.  William 
Shippen  was  president  and  Dr.  Henry  Stuber  secretary.  I  have  seen  no 
record  of  its  labors. 

The  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  was  established  in  1787, 
and  has  always  been  the  supporter  of  high  ethics  in  the  profession,  and 
has  done  much  in  this  regard.  It  has  published  numerous  volumes  of 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  the  profession.1  The  Delaware  State 
Medical  Society  was  organized  in  17 70.  The  Medical  Society  of  Massa- 
chusetts was  formed  in  1781.  The  South  Carolina  Medical  Association 
was  founded  1789  and  chartered  by  the  legislature  in  1794.  The  Medical 
Society  of  New  Hampshire  was  formed  -in  1791;  the  Medical  Society 
of  Connecticut  in  1781.  The  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  the 
State  of  Maryland  was  incorporated  in  1799. 

EARLY  PHYSICIANS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Thomas  Wynne,2  a  Welsh  physician,  and  his  brother,  also  a  physician, 
settled  in  Philadelphia  in  1682.  They  came  with  William  Peun  in  the 
Welcome.3  He  had  a  taste  for  public  affairs  and  was  elected  member  of 
the  provincial  assembly. 

Griffith  Owen  was  an  English  physician  and  among  the  early  follow- 
ers of  Penu.  He  amputated  an  arm  in  1G99  at  Chester.4  He  died  in 
1717,  aged  70.     He  left  a  son,  a  physician  in  practice. 

John  Goodson,  also  an  English  physician,  was  in  active  practice  in 
Philadelphia  as  early  as  1700. 

Dr.  Hodgson  was  also  practicing  at  the  same  period  in  Philadelphia. 

Edward  Jones,  a  physiciau  of  note,  arrived  in  Philadelphia,  June  13, 

1  Carson's  History  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  p.  '222. 
-  Proiul's  History  of  Pennsylvania. 
-Carson's  History  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
'Journal  of  the  life  of  Thoma9  Story,  p. 245. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  79 

1682,  and  was  probably  one  of  the  original  immigrants  to  this  colony. 
He  was  a  son-in-law  of  Dr.  Thomas  Wynne. 

Evan  Jones,  a  brother  of  the  former,  came  to  the  colony  about  the 
same  time  and  was  a  prominent  physician. 

Christopher  Witt,  a  physician  of  extensive  learning,  came  to  Phila- 
delphia in  1704.  lie  was  eccentric  in  his  habits  and  the  vulgar  sus- 
pected him  of  being  a  conjurer,     lie  died  in  1700,  aged  90. 

John  Kearsley,  an  English  physician,  arrived  in  the  colony  about 
1711  and  Thomas  Graeme  in  1719.  Graeme  was  a  highly-educated 
physician  and  distinguished  citizen.  He  was  a  popular  member  of  the 
assembly  and  a  champion  of  the  rights  of  the  people.  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  building  of  Christ  Church  and  left  a  valuable  estate  to 
endow  a  widows'  hospital.     He  died  in  1771',  aged  82. 

Lloyd  Zachary,  as  early  as  1721),  was  in  practice. 

Owen  Griffith,  a  young  man  of  promise  in  the  profession,  died  in  1731, 
aged  25. 

William  Gardiner,  a  native  of  Germany,  having  been  educated  as  a 
physician,  immigrated  to  America  and  settled  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  where 
he  practiced  with  reputation  until  he  died  in  1750,  aged  45. 

Phineas  Bond,  .At.  1).,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was  regularly  educated  to 
medicine  in  Europe.  He  was  a  brother  of  Dr.  Thomas  Bond  and  settled 
to  practice  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  rose  to  eminence  and  enjoyed  the 
confidence  of  the  whole  country.     He  died  in  1773,  aged  50. 

Cadwallader  Evans  was  born  in  Philadelphia  ;  studied  medicine  and 
graduated  in  England.  He  settled  in  his  native  place.  In  1759  he  was 
one  of  the  physicians  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  a  position  which 
he  held  with  ability  to  the  time  of  his  death  in  1773,  aged  57. 

John  Bartram,  a  native  of  Delaware  County,  Pa.,  and  a  son  of  a 
physician  of  the  same  name,  who  was  killed  by  the  Whitoc  Indiaus  in 
North  Carolina,  studied  medicine  and  settled  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
an  eminent  botanist,  and  explained  and  explored  almost  all  the  At- 
lantic coast  and  settled  parts  of  North  America.  His  contributions  to 
the  science  of  botany  and  natural  history  were  numerous  and  valuable. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia  in  1777. 

Thomas  Cadwallader,  M.  D.,  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia;  received 
a  good  classical  education;  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Evan  Jones;  he 
also  attended  lectures  in  Europe.  He  was  the  first  physician  in  Phila- 
delphia to  make  dissections  and  subsequently  assisted  Dr.  Shippen  in 
his  lectures  before  his  class.  He  was  among  the  earliest  contributors 
to  medical  literature  in  America.  In  1745  he  published  an  "Essay  on 
the  iliac  passion."  He  was  one  of  the  first  corps  of  physicians  appointed 
to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  in  1751.  He  was  greatly  beloved  by  all. 
He  died  November  11,  1779.  aged  72. 

Adam  Simon  Kuhn,  a  native  of  Germany,  was  brought  when  a  child 
with  his  father,  who  settled  as  a  farmer  near  Lancaster,  Pa.,  in  173.;. 
Having  studied  medicine  he  practiced  in  Lancaster.     11^  was  a   good 


-SO  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

classical  scholar  ami  a  man  of  line  natural  abilities  and  a  great  sup 
porter  of  public  education.     He  died  July  23,  1780,  aged  <i<;. 

George  Glentworth,  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  was  educated  to  the 
medical  profession  in  Europe,  graduating  in  Edinburgh,  in  1755.  in 
1758  he  was  a  junior  surgeon  in  the  British  army,  lie  took  sides  with 
the  patriots  in  the  Revolution  and  was  commissioned  surgeon  in  the 
American  Army  and  assisted  in  extracting  the  ball  that  wounded  Gen- 
eral Lafayette  at  Braudywiue.     lie  died  in  1792. 

James  Hutchinson,  a  practitioner  of  Bucks  County,  Pa.,  died  of 
yellow  fever  in  Philadelphia  in  1793.  He  was  a  physician  of  superior 
acquirements  and  an  excellent  chemist.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  revo- 
lutionary war.  He  held  at  one  time  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Samuel  Preston  Moore  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia  and  sou  of  Dr. 
"Nicholas  Moore,  president  of  the  True  Society  of  Traders,  who  came  to 
America  with  William  Peun.  He  studied  medicine  with  his  father,  was 
a  good  physician  and  of  good  business-habits.  He  inherited  large  landed 
property  from  his  father  and  was  treasurer  of  the  general  assembly.  He 
was  one  of  the  early  contributors  and  one  of  the  first  physicians  appointed 
to  attend  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  July 
15,  17S5,  aged  76. 

David  Jackson,  a  surgeon  of  the  revolutionary  war,  died  in  Philadelphia 
September  17,  1801.  He  was  the  father  of  Prof.  Samuel  Jackson,  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 

William  Irvine,  a  native  of  Ireland,  was  educated  to  the  medical  pro- 
fession and  was  for  some  years  a  surgeon  in  the  British  navy.  Having 
resigned,  he  immigrated  to  America  and  settled  at  Carlisle,  Pa.  On  the 
breaking-out  of  the  Involution  he  took  part  with  the  colonies  and  filled 
numerous  important  posts  as  surgeon  and  as  commander,  with  a  rank  as 
high  as  major- general.  He  was  elected  to  and  served  in  Congress  from 
1786  to  1788.     He  died  July  30,  1801,  in  Philadelphia. 

Absalom  Baird,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Re\o- 
lution.     He  died  near  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  October  27,  1805. 

John  Redman,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  was  educated  to  the  profes- 
sion of  medicine,  and  graduated  at  Leyden  in  1748.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  corps  of  physicians  in  1751  appointed  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
a  post  he  held  until  1780.  He  possessed  fine  literary  acquirements,  was 
a  close  reasoner  and  a  most  excellent  and  judicious  practitioner,  and 
exercised  great  influence  upon  the  profession  in  Philadelphia.  In  1759 
he  published  a  defense  of  inoculation  and  advised  the  use  of  mercury  in 
preserving  the  patient.  He  was  the  first  president  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians.    He  died  March  19,  1807. 

John  Wilkius,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  surgeon  in  Col.  Wil- 
liam Butler's  regiment  in  the  Revolution.  He  was  subsequently  in  the 
commissary-department  of  the  United  States  Army,  and  was  therefore 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  81 

better  known  as  General  Wilkins.    He  died  in  Western  Pennsylvania 
in  April,  181G. 

Nathaniel  Bedford  was  a  well-educated  English  surgeon  who  [settled 
in  Pittsburg  as  early  as  17S3,  probably  the  first  educated  physician 
to  settle  there.  He  practiced  there  with  success  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life  and  died  about  1x15.  Dr.  Peter  Moway  was  his  successor  in 
practice. 

George  Logan  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and  grandson  of  James 
Logan.  He  received  a  good  classical  education  and  then  studied  medi- 
cine and  received  the  degree  of  M.  1).  from  the  University  of  Edinburgh 
in  1770.  lie  settled  to  practice  at  his  homestead,  "Stouton,"  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  combined  agriculture  with  the  duties  of  his  profession.  He 
was  popular  both  as  a  physician  and  as  a  citizen-  was  sent  several  times 
to  the  State-legislature.  In  179S  he  went  to  France  for  the  sole  purpose 
of  endeavoring  to  prevent  hostilities  between  that  nation  and  the  United 
States,  and  no  doubt  accomplished  some  useful  purpose  to  that  end.  He 
was  United  States  Senator  from  Pennsylvania  from  1S01  to  1807.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Philosophical  Society  and  other  local  associations.  He 
died  April  9,  1821. 

Stephen  Munroe  was  one  of  the  early  physicians  in  Fayette  County, 
Pa.  He  practiced  in  Sutton,  where  he  died,  September  9,  1820,  at  an 
advanced  age. 

John  Morgan,  M.  D.,  was  born  at  Philadelphia  in  1735  and  in  1757  re- 
ceived the  first  literary  honors  conferred  by  the  College  of  Philadelphia. 
Previous  to  his  graduation  he  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  with 
Dr.  John  Redman,  and  having  completed  his  studies  entered  the  Provin- 
cial Army  as  a  lieutenant  and  surgeon  in  the  war  with  the  French  and 
Indians ;  left  the  Arm}*  in  17G0  and  sailed  to  Europe  for  the  purpose  of 
finishing  his  medical  education.  In  1762  the  degree  of  M.  D.  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  went  to  Paris,  made 
an  extensive  tour  of  Europe,  and  was  elected  member  of  several  learned 
societies.  After  his  return  home  he  began  practice,  was  the  co-founder 
with  Dr.  Shippen  of  the  medical  department  of  the  College  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  was  elected  professor  of  theory  and  practice. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution  he  was  appointed  b}r  Con- 
gress director-general  and  physician-in-chief  to  the  hospital  of  the 
American  Army,  but  was  afterward  removed  on  groundless  charges  pre- 
ferred against  him.     He  died,  October  15, 1789,  in  his  fifty-fourth  year. 

His  publications  were  "A  discourse  on  the  institution  of  medical 
schools  in  Philadelphia,"  1705  ;  '-  A  prize  essay  on  the  reciprocal  advan- 
tages of  a  perpetual  union  between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonics  ;"  "A 
recommendation  of  inoculation,"' in  1770;  "Vindication  of  his  public 
character  as  director  of  the  general  hospital,"  1777  ;  and  a  number  of 
papers  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  an 
institution  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders. 

Dr.  Prentice,  of  Carlisle,  was  a  practitioner  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
0  MP 


82  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

and  rendered  professional  aid  to  the  wounded  of  the  English  army  aftei 
an  engagement  with  the  French  and  Indians,  in  April,  1756,  Dr.  Jami- 
son, surgeon  of  the  provincial  troops,  participating  in  the  battle,  was 
missing. 

Adam  Knhu,  son  of  Dr.  Adam  Simon  Kuhn,  was  born  in  Germantown. 
November  17,  1741,  and  died  July  5,  1817,  at  the  age  of  70.  He  re- 
ceived a  classical  education  and  studied  medicine  with  his  father  until 
the  year  1761,  wheu  he  sailed  for  Europe  and  entered  the  University  of 
Tjpsal,  under  the  celebrated  Linnaeus.  After  studying  there  one  year, 
he  matriculated  at  Edinburgh,  whence  he  obtained  his  degree,  June  12, 
1767.  On  his  return  to  Philadelphia,  the  following  year,  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia 
and,  subsequently,  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  on  the  committee  of  safety 
and  board  of  examining  surgeons  and  at  as  director- general  of  the  hos- 
pital for  New  Jersey  troops.  He  was  a  member  of  nearly  all  the  Ameri- 
can scientific  societies  then  in  existence. 

Benjamin  Rush  was  born  on  his  father's  plantation,  fourteen  miles  from 
Philadelphia,  December  21,  1715,  and  died  at  Philadelphia,  April  18, 
1813,  at  the  age  of  GS.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  before  he  com- 
pleted his  fifteenth  year  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Eedman 
and  William  Shippen,  to  the  former  of  whom  he  was  apprenticed  for 
six  years.  In  1766  he  sailed  for  Europe,  matriculated  at  Edinburgh, 
and  graduated  in  1768  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine.  At  dif- 
ferent times  he  filled  various  chairs  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania ; 
also,  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia ;  was  physician-general  of  the  hos- 
pital of  the  middle  military  department;  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
for  draughting  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  for  the  last 
fourteen  years  of  his  life  was  treasurer  of  the  United  States  Mint.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  in  1776,  and  as  such  his 
name  is  attached  to  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  a  volu- 
minous and  varied  writer,  his  works  treating  upon  nearly  all  branches 
of  science.  He  had  great  power  for  original  observation  and  has  left 
the  impress  of  his  genius  on  the  theory  of  medicine  in  the  United  States 
which  the  lapse  of  a  hundred  years  has  not  effaced. 

The  first  regularly-bred  physician  of  Dauphin  County  was  Dr.  McLel- 
land,  of  Greencastle.  He  was  very  successful  in  his  practice,  which 
extended  over  an  area  of  sixty  miles. 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  sr.,  was  the  son  of  Edward  Shippen,  the  immi- 
grant. He  studied  medicine  and  practiced  with  success  and  reputation 
in  Philadelphia  during  a  long  life.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
( 'allege  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Society  and  one  of  the  first  physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital.  He  also  served  a  term  as  a  member  of  Congress.  He  died 
November  4,  1801,  aged  89. 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  sou  of  the  above-named,  of  Philadelphia,  was 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  83 

born  in  173(5  and  graduated  at  the  College  of  Now  Jersey  in  1754.  He 
spent  three  years  after  his  graduation  in  the  study  of  medicine  with  his 
father,  and  at  the  age  of  21  sailed  for  Europe,  entered  at  Edinburgh,  re- 
ceived the  doctorate  degree,  and  returned  to  his  native  city  in  the  year 
1701'.  On  his  return  to  Philadelphia  he  commenced  a  course  of  medical 
lectures  on  anatomy  in  17(11*.  He  occupied  at  different  times  several 
chairs  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia  and  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  1770  he  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Continental  Army 
as  Medical  Director-General,  but  resigned,  in  1781,  that  position,  in  order 
to  devote  his  undivided  attention  to  the  medical  school,  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  faculty.  His  death,  which  occurred  July  11,  1808,  was 
hastened,  it  is  believed,  by  grief  at  the  death  of  his  only  sou. 

Dr.  Caspar  Wistar,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  September  13,  17(31.  At  the  battle  of  Germautown, 
although  prohibited  from  participating  on  account  of  religious  scruples, 
he  assisted  the  American  surgeons  in  attending  the  wounded,  which  was 
probably  the  foundation  of  his  future  avocation.  He  studied  medicine 
with  Drs.  John  Jones  and  John  Redman  and  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1782  with  the  degree  of  M.  B.  In  1783  he 
sailed  for  Europe,  and,  having  entered  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
the  degree  of  M.  1).  was  conferred  upon  him  in  178G.  While  in  Great 
Britain  he  was,  for  two  successive  years,  president  of  the  Eoyal  Med- 
ical Society  of  Edinburgh  and  president  of  the  Society  for  the  Inves- 
tigation of  Natural  History.  On  his  return  to  America  he  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  Philadelphia  Dispensary.  Was  a  member  of  nearly 
all  the  learned  societies  in  the  city  and  was  elected  to  various  profes- 
sorships in,  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Died  of  typhus-fever, 
January  22,  1818. 

PENNSYLVANIA  SURGEONS  IN  THE  REVOLUTION. 

The  following  gentlemen  of  the  medical  faculty  of  Pennsylvania 
served  in  the  American  Continental  Army  as  surgeons: 

William  Adams,  Bichard  Allison,  Absalom  Baird,  Beading  Beatty, 
Thomas  Bond,  James  Brown,  Andrew  Caldwell,  James  Davidson,  Bob- 
ert  Harris,  Bobert  Johnson,  Andrew  Ladley,  William  Magaw,  Hugh 
Martin,  Matthew  Mans,  Thomas  McCalla,  Samuel  A.  McCoffrey,  Alex- 
ander McCosky,  JohnMcDowell,BobertNicholsou,  Peter  J.  Peres,  Samuel 
Piatt,  .John  Rogne,  John  A.  Saple,  William  Smith,  George  Stevenson, 
Alexander  Stewart,  Christopher  Taylor,  Joseph  Thompson,  Garrett 
van  Wagenner,  Robert  Wharry,  John  Wilkins,  and  Aaron  Woodruff.1 

1 1  find  upon  examination  that  the  following-entitled  laws  were  enacted  in  Pennsyl- 
vania daring  the  period  of  the  colonial  government :  An  act  to  prevent  sickly  vessels 
coming  into  this  government,  enacted  17U0,  Stat.  Pa.,  ed.  177."),  fol.  12;  An  act  vest- 
ing the  Province  Island,  and  the  buildings  thereon  erected  and  to  be  erected,  in 
trustees,  and  for  providing  an  hospital  lor  such  sick  passengers  as  shall  he  imported 
into  this  province,  and  to  prevent  the   spreading  of  infectious    distempers,   enacted 


84  CCWi'KIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

Christian  Reineck  was  killed  at  Paoli,  Pa.,  in  the  service.  Abel  Morgan, 
a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  died  July,  170.~».  Robert  Nicholson,  of 
York  County,  Pa.,  a  surgeon  in  tbe  Revolution,  died  August  15,  1798. 
Charles  McCarter,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  1800.  John 
Rogers,  a  surgeon,  died  in  New  York,  July  29,  1833.  Samuel  Sackett, 
a  surgeon,  died  in  Fayette  County,  Pa.,  February  13,  1833. 

Surgeons  John  Lockman  and  Henry  Malcolm  died  in  Philadelphia 
County,  the  former  August  10, 1819,  and  the  latter  April  18, 1831. 

Surgeon  John  Ramsey  died  November  4,  177(3.  Surgeon  Christopher 
Reiuick  died  September  21,  1777.  Dr.  John  R.  B.  Rogers  died  in  New 
York,  January  29,  1833.  He  had  served  in  the  revolutionary  war  as  a 
surgeon  in  the  Pennsylvania  troops. 

In  Pennsylvania  dissections  were  made  for  the  benefit  of  the  physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia,  if  not  anterior  to,  certainly  as  early  as,  1751,  by 
Dr.  Thomas  Cadwallader,  a  native  of  that  city,  who  completed  his  pro- 
fessional studies  in  European  schools. 

He  published  in  1710  an  essay  on  the  "  Dry  gripes,  with  the  method 
of  curing  the  cruel  distemper  ;"  printed  and  sold  by  B.  Franklin,  Phila- 
delphia, 1715.  It  is  probable  that  the  doctor's  early  dissections  were  to 
further  illustrate  his  investigations  in  these  diseases  and  that  they 
therefore  antedate  all  the  autopsies  for  pathological  studies  in  the 
United  States. 

Thomas  Bond  was  a  native  of  Maryland.  He  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Hamilton,  of  Annapolis.  Having  acquired  proficiency  in  his  pro- 
fession, he  settled  to  practice  in  Philadelphia  in  1731.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  college  which  preceded  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Dr.  Franklin  gave 'him  credit  for  originating  the  project 
for  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  He  was  large-miuded,  well-informed, 
and  painstaking  in  everything  that  related  to  his  profession,  and 
he  published  in  1754,  in  the  London  Medical  Observations  and  En- 
quiries, an  account  of  a  "  worm  bred  in  the  liver,"  and  in  1759  a  paper 
on  the  use  of  "  bark"  in  scrofulous  cases.  Dr.  Cadwallader  Evans  pub- 
lished in  1754,  in  Medical  Observations  and  Enquiries,  an  account  of  a 
cure  performed  with  electricity. 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  a  pupil  of  John  Hunter,  was  the  first  physician 
in  America  to  systematize  and  give  a  full  scientific  course  of  lectures 
on  anatomy. 

He  says  in  his  letter  to  the  trustees  in  September,  1765:  "The  institu- 
tion of  medical   schools  in  this  country  has  been  a   favorite    object, 

1742,  Stat.  Pa.,  ed.  177"),  fol.  194  ;  An  act  for  the  prohibiting  the  importation  of  German 
or  other  passengers  in  too  great  quantities  in  any  one  vessel,  enacted  1749,  Stat.  Pa., 
ed.  1775,  fol.  222;  An  act  to  encourage  the  establishing  of  an  hospital  for  the  relief  of 
the  sick  poor  of  this  province,  and  for  the  reception  and  cure  of  lunaticks,  enacted 
1751,  Stat.  Pa.,  ed.  1775,  fol.  228;  An  act  supplementary  to  the  act  of  1749,  regarding 
the  importation  of  Germans  and  others,  enacted  1765,  Stat.  Pa.,  ed.  1775,  fol.  312 • 
An  act  to  prevent  infectious  diseases  being  brought  into  this  province,  enacted  1774, 
Stat.  Pa.,  ed.  1775,  fol.  505. 


AXXALS  OF  MEDICAL  PROGRESS.  85 

occupying  my  attention  for  seven  years,  and  it  is  three  years  since  I 
first  proposed  its  expediency  and  practicability."1 

The  fee  of  admission  to  his  course  was  "five  pistoles;  and  any  gentle- 
men who  incline  fco  see  the  subject  prepared  for  the  lectures  and  learn 
the  art  of  dissecting,  injecting,  &c,  are  to  pay  live  pistoles  more."  The 
interest  of  these  lectures  was  enhanced  by  the  use  of  a  set  of  large 
anatomical  crayon-paintings  and  models,  a  then  recent  munificent  gift 
of  Dr.  Fothorgill,  of  London,  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital. 

The  annals  of  the  province  contain  the  names  of  many  medical  men  who 
were  eminent  in  the  profession  in  Philadelphia  prior  to  the  Eevolution 
and  who  were  all  zealous  to  advance  and  promote  the  dignity  and  char- 
acter of  medicine  and  medical  institutions,  but  our  space  will  not  per- 
mit a  reference  to  them. 

PENNSYLVANIA  HOSPITAL. 

This  excellent  institution,  chartered  in  February,  1751,  had  its  origin  in 
the  benevolent  mind  of  Dr.  Thomas  Bond,  but  the  measure  was  ably  sec- 
onded and  its  accomplishment  promoted  by  the  philanthropic  Franklin 
and  many  liberal-minded  citizens  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and  it 
may  be  incidentally  remarked  that  this  institution  had  beeu  from  its 
inception,  and  for  more  than  a  century,  identified  with  the  progress  of 
clinical  medicine  in  America. 

Six  physicians  and  surgeons  were  appointed  in  175.1,2  and  arrange- 
ments made  to  receive  patients  in  a  temporary  building.  In  February, 
1752,  the  first  patients  entered.  The  new  building  was  so  far  completed 
as  to  be  in  condition  to  receive  patients  in  December,  1756. 

PEST-HOUSES. 

A  hospital,  or,  as  it  was  called,  a  "  pest-house,'"'  was  erected  on  Fish- 
er's Island,  afterward  called  Province  Island.  Hitherto,  deserted  or 
vacant  houses  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city  were  used  as  temporary  hos- 
pitals for  the  care  of  patients  with  contagious  diseases. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  in  1706,  at  the  age  of  23,  went  to  Philadelphia  to 
be  inoculated,  a  cottage  being  rented  for  the  purpose  away  from  the 
city,  near  Schuylkill  River. 

A  pest-house  iu  Massachusetts  was  established  as  early  as  1701.  The 
necessity  for  hospitals  of  this  character  was  caused  by  the  frequent  re- 
currence of  the  small-pox.  Temporary  hospitals  of  this  character  were 
opened  in  most  of  the  colonies  in  which  cities  of  any  considerable  size 
existed. 

CLINICAL   INSTRUCTION. 

Dr.  Thomas  Pond,  the  steadfast  patron  and  through  life  one  of  the 
attending  physicians  of  the   Pennsylvania  Hospital,   gave  clinical  iu- 

1  History  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  p.  55. 

'Physicians  and  surgeons  first  appointed  to  Pennsylvania  Hospital  in  1751 :  Drs. 
Lloyd  Zachary,  Thomas  Bond,  Phineas  Bond,  Thomas  Cadwallader,  Samuel  Preston 
Moon-,  and  John  Redman. — (6.  B.  Wood's  Centennial  Address,  p.  12.) 


86  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

strnction  to  his  class  of  students  at  the  bed-side,  from  the  opening  of 
the  institution,  and  in  December,  1766,  he  submitted  a  nobly-conceived 
and  well-written  paper  to  the  trustees,  which  has  fortunately  been  pre- 
served in  the  minutes  of  the  journal  of  the  institution,  in  which  he  sets 
forth  the  advantages  and  value  of  such  bedside-instruction  to  medical 
students  and  recommends  the  opening  of  the  institution,  under  proper 
regulations,  to  all  medical  students  coming  to  Philadelphia. 

MEDICAL  LIBRARY  OF   THE  PENNSYLVANIA  HOSPITAL. 

Out  of  the  movement  that  inaugurated  regular  clinical  instruction 
was  developed  the  idea  of  founding  the  library  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital,  which  has  become  a  great  repository  of  medical  literature 
and  an  institution  of  great  service  to  the  earnest  student. 

The  plan  adopted  was  that  the  fees  for  clinical  instruction  given  in 
the  hospital  should  be  devoted,  as  the  doctor  suggested,  to  procuring 
books  and  preserving  them  for  reference  in  the  library. 

The  physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  have,  therefore,  the 
credit  of  originating  two  most  important  measures  for  the  advancement 
of  medicine,  namely,  clinical  instruction  and  the  founding  of  the  public 
medical  library  in  the  western  continent. 

The  Xew  York  Hospital  library  was  started  in  August,  1776. 

EARLY  PHYSICIANS  IN  MARYLAND. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  hardy  and  vigorous  constitutions  of  the  first 
voyageurs  to  the  shores  of  Maryland,  Father  White,  in  his  narration, 
remarks  that  "  during  the  entire  voyage  no  one  was  attacked  with  any 
disease;"1  but  that,  at  Christmas,  some  having  partaken  immoderately  of 
wine,  which  was  freely  distributed,  thirty  were  seized  with  fever,  twelve 
of  whom  died.1 

Among  the  early  doctors  who  resided  in  Maryland,  Dr.  Gerrard  is 
mentioned  as  the  lord  of  St.  Clement's  manor,  who,  it  is  said,  in  1642, 
upon  the  ground  of  some  claim,  seized  the  key  belonging  to  the  chapel 
near  the  fort  at  St.  Mary's,  erected  and  used  by  the  Catholics,  and  in 
which  also  it  is  probable  the  Anglo-Catholics  or  Episcopalians  worshiped 
before  the  arrival  of  any  of  their  ministers.2- 

This  joint  use  of  the  same  building  for  worship  by  separate  Protestant 
denominations,  at  different  hours,  was  at  that  period  not  unusual,  and 
indeed  it  is  still  continued  even  by  the  Catholics  and  Lutherans,  in  some 
parts  of  Germany,  to  the  present  day. 

Dr.  Jacob  Lumbrozo,  a  Jew  physician  in  Maryland  in  1619,  was 
accused  of  blaspheming,  but  escaped  a  trial  in  consequence  of  the  par- 
don accompanying  the  proclamation  in  favor  of  Richard,  the  son  of  the 

lord  protector,  which  was  issued  a  few  days  after  the  accusation.'' 

_ ' * ■ 

Annals  of  Annapolis,  p.  22. 

Davis's   Day  Star,  p.  :'.:'.. 
-Davis's  Day   Star,  pp.  65-66. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  .  87 

Dr.  Luke  Barber  accompanied  Governor  Stone  in  his  expedition  in 
1654  against  the  Puritans  of  Anne  Arundel,  for  the  purpose  of  reducing 
them  to  a  submission  and  obedience  to  Lord  Baltimore's  government, 
and  when  they  arrived  at  Herring's  (/reck  the  doctor  and  Mr.  Coursey 
were  deputed  to  go  on  before  them  to  Providence  (now  Annapolis)  with 
a  proclamation  addressed  to  the  people  of  Anne  Arundel.1  In  1G5S  he 
was  a  member  of  the  provincial  court  held  at  St.  Mary's,2  and  in  1659 
was  one  of  the  councilors  or  members  of  the  upper  house  of  assembly.3 

In  1678,  Edwards  Husbands,  a  physician,  was  debarred,  under  £200 
penalty,  from  practicing  his  profession4  on  account  of  an  alleged  attempt 
to  poison  the  governor  and  council :  and,  for  menacing  and  cursing  the 
assembly,  was  ordered  to  be  whipped.  But  he  probably  escaped  the  fine 
which  was  imposed  on  him  and  the  prohibition  to  practice,  by  Lord 
Baltimore's  dissent  to  the  act.5 

Drs.  George  Buchanan  and  George  Walker  were  among  the  commis 
sioners  appointed  in  1729,  by  an  act  entitled  "An  act  for  erecting  a  town 
on  the  north  side  of  Patapsco,  in  Baltimore  County,  and  for  laying  out 
into  lots  00  acres  of  land  in  and  about  the  place  where  one  John  Flem- 
ing now  lives,"  which  is  the  present  city  of  Baltimore.6 

Dr.  Buchanan,  a  native  of  Scotland,  purchased  lauds  and  practiced 
medicine  in  Baltimore  County  as  early  as  1723.7     In  1715  Dr.  Bu- 
chanan was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  when  the  towns  of  Bal- 
timore and  Jonestown  were  consolidated  under  the  name  of  Baltimore 
Town.8 

Dr.  Walker,  with  his  brother  James,  had  practiced  medicine  in 
Anne  Arundel  for  some  years,  but  removed  to  Baltimore  in  1715,  where 
he  died,  in  1713.9 

Dr.  Dennis  Claude  was  living  in  Annapolis  as  early  as  1717,  and  re- 
sided in  the  house  that  was  formerly  the  Annapolis  Coffee-House.10 

There  was  also  a  street  at  this  time  in  Annapolis  bearing  the  name  of 
Doctor.11  Dr.  Samuel  Owens  was  chosen  delegate  at  the  general  elec- 
tion in  1757,  and  again  in  1758. 

Dr.  William  Lyon  was  a  resident  and  land-owner  in  Baltimore  in  1759. 

Drs.  John  and  Henry  Stevenson  were  in  Baltimore  prior  to  1703. 
The  former  conducted  an  extensive  and  prosperous  trade  with  the  parent 
and  other  European  countries.  The  latter  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
medicine  and  built  a  large  and  elegant  residence  near  the  York  road.12 
In  1708  Dr.  II.  Stevenson  converted  this  splendid  house,  which  on  that 
account  was  termed  "  Stevenson's  folly,"  to  the  very  laudable  purpose  of 

1  Annals  of  Annapolis,  p.  47.  ~  Annals  of  Baltimore,  p.  26. 

:  Davis's   Day  Star,  p.  66.  [bid.,  p.  27. 

3  Griffith's  Sketches,  Early  History  of  Maryland,  p.  18. 

*  Bacon's  Law-,  enacted  1678.  l0  Annals  of  Annapolis,  p.  120. 
58ketches,  Early  Eistory  ofMrayland,  p.  29. 

Annals  of  Baltimore,  p.  11.  [bid.,  p.  121. 

7 Annals  of  Baltimore,  p.  15.  Annals  of  Baltimore,  p.  41. 


88  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

a  smallpox-infirmary,  by  appropriating  part  of  it  for  the  reception  of 
young  gentlemen,  whom  he  inoculated  successfully  before  the  practice 
had  become  general.  The  practice  of  vaccination  was  promptly  intro- 
duced into  Maryland;  and,  through  the  zealous  efforts  of  Dr.  James 
Smith,  thirty  years  later,  general  and  free  vaccination  was  aided  by  the 
State.1  In  1776  Dr.  Stevenson,  when  the  colonies  declared  their  inde- 
pendence, withdrew  from  the  country.  He  was,  however,  considered  a 
man  of  sterling  worth. 

Charles  Carroll  was  a  practitioner  in  Annapolis  as  early  as  1752.  In 
this  year  he  had  laid  out  and  surveyed  an  addition  to  the  town  and  the 
lots  were  advertised  for  sale. 

Gustavus  Brown,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was  an  educated  physician, 
and  served  as  surgeon  in  the  British  army.  In  1708  he  came  to  Mary- 
land. In  1711  he  married  a  daughter  of  Gerard  Foulke,  a  gentleman 
of  large  wealth.  The  doctor's  practice  was  large  and  lucrative,  often 
extending  far  into  the  State  of  Virginia.  He  left  numerous  descend- 
ants and  a  line  of  able  physicians  by  his  name,  "Gustavus."  He  died 
at  Port  Tobacco,  Md.,  17G5,  aged  7G. 

Thomas  Noble  Stockett,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was  a  surgeon  in  the 
Bevolutiou.  His  ancestral  place  was  near  Annapolis,  where  he  settled 
after  the  war  and  acquired  a  large  professional  business.  He  died  May 
16,  1802,  aged  55. 

Alexander^ Mitchell,  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  a  well-qualified  physi- 
cian, practiced  his  profession  at  Bladensburg,  Md.,  for  some  years,  and 
where  he  died  September  2S,  1801,  aged  36. 

Gustavus  Brown,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was  a  physician  of  wide- 
spread professional  fame,  and  died  at  his  residence,  "  Bich  Hills,"  near 
Port  Tobacco,  in  1801,  aged  56.  His  medical  degree  was  received  from 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  His  practice  for  many  years  was  very 
large.  He  was  a  personal  friend  of  General  Washington  and  was  one  of 
the  physicians  who  were  with  him  in  his  last  illness. 

John  Nelson,  a  surgeon  of  the  Bevolutiou,  died  in  Frederick,  Md.,  in 
May,  1806.     He  married  a  Miss  Washington,  of  Virginia. 

John  Archer,  a  native  of  Harford  County,  Md.,  was  a  patriot  in  the 
Bevolutiou  and  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army.  He  was  a  graduate 
in  the  first  medical  class  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia  on  the  21st  of 
June,  1768,  and  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  medicine.  He  was 
an  influential  citizen  and  held  many  positions  of  honor  in  his  State.  An 
unbroken  line  of  physicians  of  his  descendants  reside  and  practice  with 
reputation  in  Maryland.  He  died  in  Harford  County,  Md.,  September 
28,  1810,  aged  69. 

Charles  Alexander  Warfiekl,  a  patriot  and  a  surgeon  of  the  Bevolu- 
tiou, died  at  Bushy  Park,  Anne  Arundell  County,  Md.,  July  29,  1813. 
He  was  one  of  the  band  who  burned  the  cargo  of  tea  in  the  harbor  of 
Annapolis  just  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution. 
Griffith's  History  of  Maryland,  p.  01. 


—  JKESS.  89 

Richard  Henry  Courts,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  practiced  liis 
profession  afterward  in  Prince  George's  County,  Md.,  up  to  the  time  of 
his  death,  in  1809. 

Philip  Thomas,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was  an  eminent  physician  who 
practiced  at  Frederick,  }ld.  He  was  president  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  at  the  time  of  his  death,  April  25, 1815. 
He  was  68  years  of  age. 

William  Somerville  practiced  medicine  for  many  years  in  Calvert 
County,  Md.  He  removed  to  Baltimore,  where  he  died,  February  18 
1816,  aged  54. 

Barton  Tabbs,  a  native  of  St.  Mary's  County,  Md.,  was  a  surgeon 
during  the  revolutionary  war  in  the  Maryland  line,  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral Smallwood.  He  was  a  man  of  talent  and  an  accomplished  physi- 
cian,    lie  died  in  St.  Mary's  County,  October  30,  1818,  aged  61. 

James  Murray  died  at  his  residence  iu  Annapolis,  Md.,  December  17, 
1819,  aged  80.  He  had  been  a  prominent  physician  in  that  place  for 
nearly  0()  years. 

John  T.  Shaaf,  a  native  of  Frederick  County,  Md.,  was  a  practitioner 
of  distinction  at  Annapolis  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century.  He 
then  returned  to  Georgetown,  D.  C,  where  he  practiced  with  success 
until  the  time  of  his  death,  April  30,  1819,  at  the  age  of  Go. 

John  Peter  Ahl,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  Baltimore,  July 
12,  1827,  aged  78. 

The  following  physicians  were  practicing  in  or  near  the  town  of  Balti- 
more in  1771 :  Drs.  Lyon,  Hultz,  Stenhouse,  Weisenthall,  Pue,  Steven- 
son, Boyd,  Craddock,  Haslet,  Gray,  and  Coulter.1 

Dr.  Weisenthall  was  a  Lutheran  and  assisted  in  erecting  a  church  in 
1  7  73 

Iu  1771  the  Congress  that  had  assembled  at  Philadelphia  recommend- 
ed the  appointment  of  town-  and  county-committees  throughout  the  colo- 
nies; and  on  the  12th  of  November,  1774,  Dr.  John  Boyd  was  appointed 
on  the  committee  representing  Baltimore  Town  and  County,  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  to  attend  the  committee-meetings  at  Annapolis, 
and  a  member  of  the  committee  of  correspondence  for  Baltimore.3 

In  1771  Drs.  Hultse,  Weisenthall,  Craddock,  and  Haslet  were  the 
attending  physicians  to  the  poor  of  Baltimore  County.4 

Iu  1775  James  McHenry,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  in  company  with 
several  other  gentlemen,  volunteered  his  services  to  the  Continental 
Army;  he  having  made  some  progress  in  medicine,  was  appointed  sur- 
geon.5 

Iu  1775  Dr.  John  Smith,  of  St.  Mary's  County,  entered  into  an  alli- 
ance with  John  Connolly,  of  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  who  had  concocted 
a  plan  by  which  he  could  raise  an  army  in  the  western  parts,  and  there- 
Annals  of  Baltimore,  p.  !'.*.  'Annals  of  Baltimore,  p.  59. 

2 Annals  of  Baltimore,  p.  36.  Annals  of  Baltimore.  \>.  64. 

Annals  of  Baltimore,  \>.  58. 


90  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

by  cut  off  all  communication  between  the  northern  and  southern  prov- 
inces. The  plan  was  admirably  conceived  and  might  have  succeeded, 
wereitnotfor  the  extreme  vigilance  of  the  colonists,  who,  having  received 
intelligence  of  their  designs,  effected  their  arrest  in  Frederick  County* 
Congress  directed  that  the  prisoners  should  be  forwarded  to  Philadel- 
phia. This  was  accordingly  done,  under  a  special  guard  of  ten  men  com- 
manded by  Dr.  Adam  Fisher.  Dr.  Smith,  during  the  journey,  escaped, 
but  was  subsequently  retaken,  and  the  prisoners,  were  safely  landed  in 
Philadelphia. 

In  177G  Dr.  Patrick  Kennedy,  after  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
retired  from  the  country,  not  wishing  to  take  part  in  the  struggle,  but 
openly  avowing  before  his  departure  that,  if  he  could  not  assist,  he 
would  not  oppose  them.  He  was  a  man  of  great  private  virtue,  and 
was  held  in  high  repute  by  the  citizens. 

Gustavus  Brown  Horner,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was  an  eminent  prac- 
titioner of  medicine  in  Fauquier  County,  Virginia.  He  was  a  surgeon's 
mate  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  After  the  war  he  settled  at  War- 
renton,  and  enjoyed  the  patronage  of  a  large  section  of  the  State,  and 
was  the  chief  surgeon  for  years  in  all  important  operations.  He  was 
elected  to  the  State-legislature,  was  presidential  elector,  and  held  other 
offices  to  which  he  was  chosen  by  an  admiring  community.  He  died  July 
24,  1815,  aged  51. 

MARYLAND  SURGEONS  IN  THE  REVOLUTION. 

Drs.  Jonathan  Calvert,  Levin  Denwood,  Samuel  Edmonstou,  John  L. 
Elbert,  Ezekiel  Hanie,  Elisha  Harrison,  Samuel  Y.  Keene,  William 
Kilty,  Alexander  Lajournade,  James  Mann,  David  Morrow,  Samuel 
Morrow,  Richard  Pindell,  Alexander  Smith,  Thomas  Tillotson,  Walter 
Warfield,  and  Gerard  Wood,  all  citizens  of  Maryland,  served  as  surgeons 
in  the  American  revolutionary  army.1 

Clement  Smith,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  Prince  George's 
County,  Md.,  December  10,  1831,  aged  75. 

Wilson  Waters,  a  surgeon  of  the  revolutionary  war,  died  in  Anne 
Arundel  County,  Md.,  February  5,  1836,  aged  78. 

Charles  Worthington,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  died  in  George- 
town, D.  C,  September  10,  1836,  aged  76. 

John  Tilden,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  and  a  minister  as  well  as  a 
physician,  in  Isew  Town,  Frederick  County,  Md.,  practiced  there  till  the 
period  of  his  death,  July  21,  1838.     He  was  78  years  of  age. 

1  The  following  enactments  were  made  in  the  colony  of  Maryland  :  An  act  for 
appointing  coroners  in  each  respective  county,  enacted  1666,  Bacon's  Laws  of  Mary- 
land ;  An  act  establishing  coroners'  fees,  enacted  1731,  Bacon's  Laws  of  Maryland;  An 
act  to  prevent  the  spreading  and  infection  of  the  small-pox  from  a  vessel  belonging  to 
Amos  Woodward,  merchant,  enacted  1731,  Bacon's  Laws  of  Maryland;  An  act  to  oblige 
Infected  ships  and  other  vessels  coming  into  this  province  to  perform  quarantine, 
enacted  1766,  Stat.  Md.,  ed.  1765-'74,  fol.  158;  An  act  to  continue  the  foregoing  act, 
enacted  1769,  Stat.  Md.,  1765-74,  fol.  158;  An  act  to  prevent  infection  from  the  ship 
Chanci',  enacted  1774,  Stat.  Mil.,  ed.  1765-'77,  fol.  393. 


ANNArra    ur    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  91 

Henry  Maynadier,  a  surgeon  of  distinction  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
died  at  Annapolis,  November  11,  1849,  aged  93. 

Dr.  DanielJennifer  was  commissioned  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental 
Army  August  26,  1776. 

Ennals  Martin  received  from  the  State  the  sum  of  four  hundred  and 
seventy-five  pounds  ten  shillings  and  nine  pence  sterling  as  a  remunera- 
tion for  his  meritorious  services  as  a  surgeon. 

EARLY  PHYSICIANS   OF   DELAWARE. 

Henry  Fiske.a  native  of  Ireland,  immigrated  to  America  and  settled  to 
practice  medicine  at  Lewes,  Del.,  where  he  died  1718.  His  practice  was 
extensive  and  lucrative,  he  often  being  sent  for  in  Maryland  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  had  a  taste  for  agriculture  and  horticulture  and  exercised 
a  good  influence  over  his  section  by  giving  practical  examples  of  im- 
provements, so  that  his  place  was  called  by  his  neighbors  "Paradise." 

Charles  Ridgely,  a  native  of  Dover,  Del.,  who,  after  acquiring  profi- 
ciency in  medicine,  settled  to  practice  in  1758,  died  November  25, 
1785,  aged  47.  He  was  not  only  a  good  physician,  but  was  possessed  of 
a  vast  fund  of  knowledge  in  almost  everything  that  related  to  the  well, 
being  of  man.  He  was  frequently  sent  to  the  legislature.  Some  years 
before  the  devolution  he  was  judge  of  Kent  County ;  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  that  framed  the  new  constitution,  in  1770,  for  the  State  of 
Delaware. 

Matthew  Wilson,  a  native  of  Chester  County,  Pa.,  was  a  practitioner 
of  medicine  in  Lewes,  Del.,  for  many  years.  lie  studied  both  medicine 
and  theology,  and  died  in  1790,  aged  61.  He  was  a  man  of  active 
brain,  a  thorough  scholar,  and  animated  by  benevolent  impulses 
through  life;  was  an  ardent  patriot,  and  spoke  with  effect  against 
the  stamp-act.  He  contributed  mauy  papers  on  medical  subjects  :  "A 
therapeutic  alphabet,"  which  was  never  published ;  "The  history  of 
a  malignant  fever  which  prevailed  in  Sussex  County,  Del.,  in  1771,"  &c. 

John  McKinly,  a  native  of  Ireland,  was  a  well-educated  physician 
who  settled  and  practiced  his  profession  with  success  at  "Wilmington, 
Del.  He  was  held  in  great  esteem  by  the  community;  was  the  first 
governor  of  the  State  under  the  new  constitution.  He  died  August  31, 
1790,  aged  72. 

Edward  Miller  was  a  native  of  Delaware,  but  in  1790  removed  to  the 
city  of  Xew  York.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Charles  Eidgely  and 
attended  lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  ;  was  a  surgeon's 
mate  in  the  devolution  nearly  a  year,  in  the  large  hospital  at  Baskin- 
ridge,  X.  J.,  and  was  surgeon  for  some  time  on  a  vessel  employed  as 
cruiser  and  bringing  dispatches  to  France.  In  1793,  when  yellow  fever 
was  epidemic  in  Philadelphia,  he  wrote  to  Dr.  Push,  presenting  the 
theory  of  the  domestic  origin.  In  1796,  with  Dr.  Elihu  II.  Smith  and 
Dr.  Mitchell,  he  projected  the  publication  of  the  Medical  Repository,  the 
first  medical  journal  in  America.     He  was  a  member  of  nearly  all  the 


52  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

learned  societies  of  the  day  and  was  one  of  the  ablest  medical  men  in 
the  country.    He  died  of  typhus  pneumonia  March  17,  1812,  aged  72. 

George  Monro,  a  native  of  New  Castle,  Del.,  was  a  physician  of  note 
in  Wilmington  during  the  close  of  the  last  century.  He  died  October 
11,  1819,  aged  59.  Towards  the  termination  of  the  war  he  was  surgeon 
in  one  of  the  Virginia  regiments. 

James  Sykes,  a  native  of  Dover,  Kent  County,  Del.,  practiced  medi- 
cine in  the  same  place  with  success  during  life,  dying  October  18,  1822, 
aged  Gl.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Clayton,  of  Bohemia  Manor. 
He  was  a  very  popular  surgeon  and  certainly  a  successful  lithotomist. 
In  1S11  he  removed  to  New  York,  but  in  a  few  years  returned  to  his 
native  town.  He  was  president  of  the  State  Medical  Society  and  for 
nearly  fifteen  years  was  a  State-senator. 

George  Stevenson,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  practiced  with  great 
repute.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Cincinnati.  He  died  in 
Wilmington,  Del.,  May  15,  1829,  aged  G9. 

James  Jones  was  a  surgeon  in  the  revolutionary  war.  He  studied 
and  practiced  his  profession  in  Duck  Creek  Hundred,  where  he  died 
April  29,  1830,  aged  74. 

;,  John  Miller,  a  native  of  Dover,  Del.,  a  surgeon  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  died  February  28,  1777,  aged  25  years. 

The  early  medical  history  of  Delaware  is  much  merged  into  that  of 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  as  the  visits  of  the  physicians  of  the  lat- 
ter States  often  extended  into  the  former. 

Doubtless  one  of  the  most  prominent  medical  men  of  the  State  was 
James  Tilton,  who  was  born  in  Kent  County,  June  1, 1745.  Having  re- 
ceived a  preliminary  classical  education,  he  entered  the  medical  school 
at  Philadelphia,  and  in  1771  obtained  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  graduating  class  of  that  institution  and  having  received 
the  bachelor's  degree  in  17G8. 

In  1776  he  entered  the  Army  as  a  surgeon,  but  was  soon  promoted  to 
the  hospital-department,  in  which  he  served  till  the  close  of  the  war. 
In  1785  he  was  made  commissioner  of  loans  and  at  the  breaking-out  of 
the  war  of  1812  was  appointed  physician  and  Surgeon -General  of  the 
Army.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Congress  sitting  at  Philadelphia. 
He  died  near  Wilmington,  May  14,  1822.  Seven  years  previous  (when 
at  the  age  of  70)  he  had  his  leg  amputated  on  account  of  disease  of  the 
knee-joint. 

'   Reuben  Gilder  and  Heury  Latimer,  of  this  State,  served  as  surgeons 
in  the  Continental  Army  and  John  B.  Cutting  as  apothecary.     The  last- 
mimed  died  February  3, 1831,  in  the  District  of  Columbia- 
Joshua  Clayton,  a  native  of  Delaware,  died  of  yellow  fever  in  1799  at 
an  advanced  age.     He  was  an  intelligent  physician  and  a  most  exem 
plary  citizen.     During  the  revolutionary  war,  when  Peruvian  bark  was 
scarce,  he  was  led  to  use  a  combination  of  the  bark  of  the  poplar  (Liro 
dendron)  and  the  dogwood  (Conius  flori&a,)  as  a  substitute,  and   wit 


; 


ANNALS    OP    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  9^5 

good  results,  he  thought.  He  was  president  of  the  State  for  many 
years,  and  after  the  war,  and  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  was 
chosen  governor.     I  to  was  also  United  States  Senator. 

GEORGIA  SURGEONS  IN  THE  REVOLUTION. 

Jacob  V.  Egbert,  James  Houston,  James  B.  Sharpe,  Benjamin  Tetard, 
and  John  G.  Wright,  physicians  .of  Georgia,  served  as  surgeons  in  the 
Continental  Army. 

SURGEONS  NOT  LOCATED. 

John  Applewhaite;  John  Wingate,  who  died  in  Kennebec  County, 
Maine,  July  25, 1819;  Felix  Texier;  John  Roberts,  who  died  in  Franklin 
County,  Kentucky,  April  21,  1821  ;  Elisha  Skinner,  who  died  in  Penob- 
scot County,  Maine,  November,  1827 ;  John  Knight ;  Corbin  Griffin,  who 
was  surgeon  of  the  hospital  at  Yorktown,  and  Ezra  Green  served  as 
surgeons  to  the  American  Army  during  the  revolutionary  war,  but  of 
what  States  they  were  citizens  previous  to  entering  the  military  service 
is  not  easy  to  ascertain. 

SURGEONS  AT  BUNKER  HILL. 

The  following-named  physicians  were  attached  to  the  American  forces 
aud  rendered  professional  assistance  to  the  patriots  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill :  Isaac  Foster,  John  Hart,  Walter  Hastings,  David  Jones, 
David  Townsend,  Obadiah  Williams,  and  Lieut.  Col.  James  Bricket.  The 
last-mentioned,  although  an  officer  of  the  line,  gave  surgical  aid  to  the 
wounded  in  that  memorable  battle.1 

Able  physicians  were  located  throughout  the  colonies  not  specially 
mentioned.  They  possessed,  however,  no  large  centers  of  population 
or  leading  educational  institutions  around  which  to  cluster  and  gain 
permanent  professional  recognition.  Their  works,  when  noticed,  have 
gone  to  swell  the  reputation  of  the  profession  in  general  in  America. 

ENDEMICS   AND    EPIDEMICS. 

The  following  list  of  diseases  comprises  the  names  of  those  that  most 
frequently  and  severely  afflicted  the  early  settlers  in  America  and  which 
the  colonial  physician  was  called  upon  to  treat.  The  mortality  attending 
some  of  these  diseases,  when  the  epidemic  proved  to  be  wide-spread,  was 
very  great,  and  would  be  alarming  at  the  present.  That  the  diseases 
here  enumerated,  or  most  of  them,  have  prevailed,  either  in  an  endemic 
or  in  an  epidemic2  form,  at  different  times  and  places,  cannot  be  doubted  ; 

'In  Delaware,  in  1726,  a  law  entitled  "An  act  to  prevent  infected  vessels  coining 
into  this  Government,"  and  which  was  revised  in  ll'JT,  was  enacted,  and  is  the  only 
one  that  lean  discover  appertaining  to  either  hygiene  or  medicine  passed  during  the 
period  of  the  colonial  Government.— Revised  Stat.  Delaware,  vol.  1,  fol.  98. 

-The  term  epidemic  is,  I  apprehend,  often  applied  unadvisedly  and  where  the  facts 
when  examined  do  not  justify  its  use.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the  past,  hut  the 
profession  has  adopted  no  definite  rnle  for  its  application.     What  degree  of  prevalence 


9'4  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

but  I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  asserting  that  I  have  included  all, 
and  none  but  those  that  are  entitled  to  be  mentioned. 

I  have  omitted  many  localities  where  particular  diseases  were  said  to 
be  prevailing  as  an  epidemic,  because  it  appeared  to  me  .the  facts  did 
not  justify  the  application  of  the  term.  I  must  ask,  therefore,  that  the 
lists  be  taken  as  nearly  approximating  the  data  collected. 

It  would  occupy  unnecessary  space  to  give  all  the  authorities  in  every 
instance  from  which  the  facts  have  been  collated.1  I  have  adopted  the 
simplest  possible  form,  by  grouping  the  facts,  by  taking  the  name  of 
the  disease,  and  then  giving  the  name  of  each  locality  and  the  year  of 
its  appearance  with  severity  and  reappearance  at  that  place.  Although 
the  list  is  incomplete,  it  will  possess  interest.2 

of  a  disease  should  entitle  it  to  be  so  denominated?  New  Orleans,  a  city  that,  per- 
haps, has  been  constrained  to  declare  the  existence  of  epidemics  prevailing  within  its 
boundaries  ofteuer  than  other  within  the  United  States,  has  acted  upon  the  idea  that 
where  any  particular  disease  caused  more  deaths  thau  occurred  from  all  other  causes 
and  diseases,  then  the  unusual  and  chief-prevailing  disease  has  been  declared  to  be 
epidemic.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  in  the  use  of  the  term  a  larger  latitude  is  given 
thau  statistical  accuracy  demands. 

1  The  following  are  some  of  the  works  consulted  :  Webster  on  Epidemics,  Smith  on 
Typhus,  Morris  Scarlet  Fever,  Tennent's  Epistle,  Thacher's  History  of  Medicine,  Gal- 
lup ou  Epidemic  Diseases  of  Vermont,  Ramsey's  State  of  Medicine  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century,  and  numerous  State-  and  local  histories. 

-Small-pox:  New  England,  1618, 1622, 1638, 1721, 1730,  1752;  New  York,  1721,1731, 
1752;  Salem,  Mass.,  1633,  1711, 1792 ;  New  Jersey,  1730,1752,1764;  Charleston,  S.  C, 
1699,1700,  1717,1732,  1738,  1760;  Philadelphia,  1730,  1731,  1732,  1736,1756;  Williams- 
burg, Va.,  1748,  1765;  Boston,  1631, 1633,  1639,  1645,  1647,  1649,1666,1677,1678,1689, 
1701, 1702, 1721,  1730, 1752, 1764, 1776,  1792  ;  Pennsylvania,  1661, 1663,  1732, 1757  ;  Vir- 
ginia, 1748,  1752, 1764  ;  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1757  ;  Maryland,  1730. 1757, 1764 ;  Aunapolis, 
Ma.,   1757. 

Nervous  fever :  Wethersfield,  Coun.,  1793  ;  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1746. 

Yellow  fever  :  New  Loudon,  Conn.,  1798  ;  Wilmington,  Del.,  1798;  Boston,  Mass.,  1691, 
1693, 1796, 1798  ;  Holliston,  Mass.,  1741 ;  Nantucket,  Mass.,  1763  ;  New  Design,  Md.,  1797  ; 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  1798;  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1746;  New  York,  N.  Y.,  1668,1702,1732,1741, 
1743,1791,1795,1798,1799;  Chester,  Pa.,  1798  ;  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1699, 1741, 1762, 1793, 
1797, 1798.  1799  :  Providence,  R.  I.,  1795,  1797  ;  Charleston,  S.  C,  1699, 1700, 1703, 1728, 
1732, 1739, 1745, 1748,  1749, 1753,  1755, 1758, 1792,  1794,  1795, 1796, 1797, 1799, 1800  ;  New 
Orleans,  La.,  1769,  1791,  1793,  1794,  1795,  1797,  1799,  1800;  Mobile,  Ala.,  1705,  1766;' 
Pensacola,  Fla.,  1764. 

Plague,  (probably  yellow  fever:)  New  Haven,  1794;  Philadelphia,  1740,1762,1778, 
1780,  1794,  1797,  1798;  New  York,  1702,1743,  1745,  1794,  1795,  1796,1798;  Baltimore, 
1783,  1794,1797;  Mill  River,  Conn.,  1795  ;  Nantucket,  1763;  Martha's  Vineyard,  1763  ; 
Virginia,  1660,  1695,  1737,  1740:  Mohegan  Indians,  1745,  1746;  Marcus  Hook,  Wil- 
miugton,  (Del.,)  New  Castle,  (Del.,)  Duck  Creek,  Bridgetou,  (N.  J.,)  Woodbury, 
(N.  J.,)  1798;  Norfolk,  Conn.,  1797,1798;  Boston,  1693,  1698,1795,  1798;  Portsmouth, 
New  London,  1798;  Wilmington,  N.  C,  1796  ;  Charleston,  1728,  1732,  1740,  1746,  1796, 
1797  ;  Newburyport,  Mass.,  1796;  Providence,  1797;  Connecticut,  1662,1683. 

Scarlatina:  Connecticut,  1751, 1793, 1794 :  Vermont,  1787,  1793,1796,1797;  Windsor, 
Bethel,  Stockbridge,  Barnard,  Royalton,  Woodstock,  Randolph,  1795;  Philadelphia,  1746, 
1764,  1783,  17.-9,  1703.  1794;  Kingston,  Mass.,  1735;  Boston,  1702.  1735, 1795;  Ulster,  1785  ; 
New  England,  1787;  New  Haven,  1793,  1794;  New  York,  1792,  1793,  1794;  Salem, 
Mass.,  1783;  Charlestown,  1784;  North  Fairfield,  1793  ;  Massachusetts,  1793,  1796  :  Hart- 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  95 

REASONS  FOR   STUDYING   ABROAD. 

If  the  supply  of  really  competent  teachers  was  limited  under  the 
conditions  and  wants  of  our  new  country,  the  student-class  which  could 
have  been  drawn  together  at  any  one  of  the  colonial  capitals  was  also 
small.  The  rivalries  natural  between  the  different  communities  pre- 
vented concert  of  action  and  a  concentration  of  resources. 

The  lines  of  travel  between  the  States  were  then  undeveloped,  and  it 
was  almost  as  easy  for  a  medical  student  to  cross  the  Atlantic  and  attend 
the  University  of  Padua  or  Leyden  as  to  have  attended  a  school,  if  one 
had  existed,  in  a  remote  province  in  America. 

During  the  opening  years  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  attractions  of 
those  continental  seats  of  learning  were  unsurpassed  and  their  author- 
ity in  science  absolute.     To  Leyden  in  particular,  that  Athens  of  the 

ford,  1794;  New  Hampshire,  Me.,  1796;  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  1792, 1793, 1794 ;  Litchfield, 
IT'.":1.:  New  Jersey,  Redbrook,  1789. 

Dysentery:  North  America,  1752,  1758;  Woodbury,  Conn.,  1749;  Hartford,  Conn., 
1?.">1  :  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1751,1773,1795;  Middletown, Conn.,  1775;  Dutchess  County, 
N.  Y.,  1705 ;  New  York.  1709,  1?:!'.),  177C ;  Daubury,  1775;  Mt.  Independence,  1770; 
Georgetown,  Md.,  1793;  Derby,  1794;  Salem,  Mass.,  1773;  Coventry,  Conn.,  1703; 
Stamford, Conn.,  1745 ;  Connecticut,  1749;  Waterbury,  Conn.,  1749;  Cornwall,  Conn., 
1749;  Virginia,  1635;  Eanover,  Vt.,  1798;  Farmington, Vt.,  1798 ;  Bennington,  'Vt.,  1782, 
1?--:  Vermont,  1776:  Rutland,  1796;  Landgate,  Vt.,  1793;  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  1793;  Port- 
land,  1797;    Sheffield,    1705:    Wilmington,  1795. 

Typhus  :  Hartford,  North  Haven,  East  Haven,  New  Haven,  (Conn.,)  1760  •  Bethlehem; 
Conn.,  1760,  1707  ;  Windsor,  Royalton,  Bethel,  Randolph,  Pomfret,  Birmingham, 
Stockbridge,  Arlington,  (Vt.,)  Norwich,  (Conn.,)  1793  ;  Woodstock,  Vt.,  1799  ;  Royalton, 
1793:  ('oniish, N.  H..  1703  ;  Dover,  N.H.,  1697  ;  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  1795 ;  Byberry, 
Moreland,  (Pa.,)  1793. 

Malignant  fever :  New  York.  1745,  1737;  Fredericktown,  Md.,  1783 ;  Portland,  1797  ; 
New  York,  1668. 

Angina  :  Kingston,  N.  II.,  1733,  1734,  1735:  Boston,  1735,  1769;  Northampton.  Mass., 
1787;  New  England,  1737,  1742,  1737;  Connecticut,  1751 ;  Long  Island,  1755  ;  Massa- 
chusetts, 17:*.*;. 

Measles:  Massachusetts,  1713,1730,1760,  1773;  Charleston,  S.  C,  1747.  1759,  1772, 
1775;  Philadelphia,  1771,  1773,  1788,  1706;  Connecticut,  1740  ;  New  York,  1733,  1705  ; 
Vermont,  17--. 

Sore  tin-out:  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  1769;  Vermont,  1773,  1783;  Eastern  States,  1786; 
17-7:  Kingston.  (N.  II..)  Exeter,  (X.  II.,)  Boston,  Chester,  1735;  America,  1773; 
Philadelphia,  1763. 

Influenza:  New  York.  1789;  Philadelphia,  1760,  1761,  1739;  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  1760; 
Massachusetts,  1697, 1761,  1781, 1789;  Vermont,  1789,1790,  1798;  Boston,  1734,  1737; 
Fairfield,  1697  :  Charlestown,  1778. 

Catarrh:  Massachusetts,  1747,1756,  1772;  Vermont,  1781,1790;  New  York,  1789; 
Philadelphia,  1719, 1773, 1790,  1794;  Hartford,  1739,  1700:  Boston,  1789;  New  England, 
1655,  1(358  :  Albany,  1790. 

Croup:  Middletown,  Conn.,  1775:  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  1702;  Connecticut,  1659. 

Pleurisy:  New  York,  1749 ;  Shaftsbury,  Vt.,  1786;  Waterbury,  Conn.,  1712 ;  Hartford, 
Conn.,  1719;  Philadelphia,  1794. 

r:  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  1750;  Cape  Cod,  Mass.,  177-2:  Philadelphia,  1703;  Charleston, 
S.  C.  L739;  Holliston,  Conn.,  171-2;  Boston,  1745;  New  York,  1619,  1732;  America, 
1638;  Connecticut,  1647;  Wood  Creek,  N.Y.,1709;  Charleston,  1761. 

Canker-rash:    Vermont,  17-7.  1796. 

John  Tennent,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Richard  Mead,  of  London,  in  173^.  mentions  that  In 


96  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

West,  and  to  the  eloquent  Booerhaave  and  his  able  confreres,  were 
turned  the  thoughts  of  those  who  aspired  to  enter  the  profession,  and 
"by  travel  to  obtain  more  professional  knowledge  than  was  to  be  acquired 
at  home. 

After  the  death  of  Booerhaave,  Edinburgh,  with  Cullen  as  its  great 
light,  became  the  favorite  resort  of  American  students.  The  standard 
of  preparatory  training  then  required  was  much  higher  than  at  present, 
especially  in  the  languages,  for  most  of  the  text-books  were  written  in 
Latin  and  Greek,  and  all  lectures  were  delivered  in  Latin  prior  to  1746. 
when  Cullen,  who  dared  to  innovate  the  established  custom,  lectured  in 
English. 

Graduates  were  required  to  present,  publish,  and  defend  a  thesis  in 
one  of  the  learned  languages.  Such  high  requirements  virtually  closed 
the  doors  of  the  profession,  except  to  the  well-educated. 

When  we  consider  that  the  Edinburgh  School  of  Medicine,  an  institu- 
tion with  which  Cullen  united  in  1750,  organized  about  1700  and  not 
fully  established  until  about  1725,  was  the  first  under  the  British  gov- 
ernment to  achieve  eminent  success,  it  is  not  surprising  that  her  distant 
colonies  were  backward  in  founding  medical  colleges. 

The  Wind-mill  Street  School  of  Anatomy  was  founded  by  the  Hunt- 
ers in  1770.  Prior  to  this  period  dissection  was  seldom  required  or  prac- 
ticed by  the  students,  they  being  merely  present  at  the  demonstrations 
of  the  professor  in  the  lecture-room,  where  he  often  taught  from  models 
and  drawings,  and  without  a  fresh  subject  before  him. 

FOUNDING   OF   MEDICAL   SCHOOLS  AT  HOME. 

Erom  this  cursory  view  of  the  surroundings  of  medical  men  at  home 
and  abroad,  the  establishment  of  two  medical  schools  in  America  ap- 
pears highly  creditable  to  our  people,  who  had  an  ardent  craving  for 
knowledge,  as  well  as  to  the*  intelligence  and  enterprise  of  the  pro- 
fessional men  of  that  period. 

MEDICAL   COLLEGE    OF   PHILADELPHIA. 

Drs.  Shippen  and  Morgan,  already  mentioned,  both  natives  of  that 
city  and  graduates  of  Edinburgh,  had,  while  studying  their  profession 
abroad,  concerted  a  plan  for  establishing  a  regular  medical  school,  at 
an  early  day,  in  their  own  country. 

Virginia,  "  From  the  first  of  June  to  August  continued  periodical  fevers  and  iutermit- 
tonts  are  epidemical,  and  then  agues  precede  the  latter  till  Octoher,  when  pleurisies  and 
peripneunionies  begin  to  be  common,  and  continue  till  May  or  June,  tho'  seldom  epi- 
demic."— (John  Tenuent's  epistle  to£Dr.  R.  Mead,  p.  12.) 

Bilious  fever :  Philadelphia,  1778,  1780. 

The  diseases  most  prevalent  in  New  England  were  the  following :  Alviue  duxes, 
Saint  Anthony's  fire,  asthma,  atrophy,  catarrh,  colic;  inflammatory, slow, nervous,  and 
mixed  levers;  pulmoaary  consumption, 'quinzy,  rheumatism. — (Winterbotham's  Amer- 
ica, vol.  2,  p.  3.) 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  97 

Their  plan  when  presented  at  home  was  received  with  favor,  and  in 
1705  the  medical  department  of  tUe  College  of  Philadelphia  (a well- 
established  literary  institution,  founded  in  174'.))  was  organized  under 
two  professorships,  which  comprised  all  the  branches,  the  one  in  the 
name  of  "  theory  and  practice  of  physic,"  held  by  Dr.  Morgan  ;  the 
other  in  "anatomy  and  surgery,"  filled  by  Dr.  Shippen.1 

The  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia  was  fully  organized  in  May,  L765, 
although  it  may  be  said  to  have  had  an  earlier  beginning,  as  a  systematic 
course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  had  been  delivered  to  respectable  classes 
from  the  year  17G2. 

The  College  of  New  York  was  founded  in  17*!7  and  fully  organized  in 
17GS.  Dr.  Samuel  Clossy,  however,  had  commenced  a  private  cours  ■  of 
anatomical  lectures  in  1764. 

While  high  honor  is  clue  to  the  New  England  colonies  for  their  early, 
generous,  persistent,  and  judicious  efforts  in  the  cause  of  general  educa- 
tion and  literature,  they  accomplished  less  for  medical  science  prior  to 
the  Revolution,  and.  indeed,  in  the  last  century,  than  might  have  been 
expected. 

The"  first  course  of  lectures  of  Dr.  Shippen,  on  anatomy,  already  al- 
luded to,  was  given  to  twelve  students,  in  a  room  in  the  rear  of  his  own 
office,  and  continued  every  year  to  increased  classes,  from  17G2  until 
17Go,  when  the  college  opened,  after  which  he  taught,  in  addition  to 
anatomy,  surgery  and  obstetrics.  It  was  about  this  period  that  a  mob 
attacked  his  anatomical  rooms,  on  account  of  his  leadership  in  teaching 
anatomy  and  persisting  in  the  dissection  of  the  human  body  for  such 
purposes,  in  the  face  of  the  prejudices  of  the  age. 

His  subjects  at  this  time  were  supplied  from  the  few  criminals  and 
suicides,  which  latter  had  been  granted  by  public  and  governmental 
authority. 

The  •'doctors'  mob"  in  178S  marked  the  last  serious  resistance  of 
populace  to  the  teaching  of  practical  anatomy  in  America,  although 

1  It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  the  precise  period  of  the  formation  and  establishment  of 
the  great  universities  of  Europe,  or  at  least  of  the  older  ones  among  them.     But  about 
the  beginning  of  the  twelfth  century  a  number  of  them  acquired  importance 
lence.    Then  it  was  that  the  custom  of  conferring  degrees  and  academic honoi 
Lished.and  became  general.    The  degree  of  bachelor  was  the  firs<  conferred  ;  then 
er;  then  doctor;  and  the  same  gradation  is  still  retained.     The  first  deg: 

believe,  conferred  by  the   University  of  Bologna,  about  A.  D.  1130. 
Iruerius,  the  "  Lucerna  juris,"  who  died  at  Bologna  in  1150,  is  said  to  have  drawn  up 
formula  for  th>'  degree  •■Juris  utri  was  conferred 

ity  of  Paris  adopted  the  degree  in  1145.     1  I 
■  theologite  doctor >'  were  P  died  in  1164,  an 

o  Leading  di  fcheir  day. 

Sir  Henry  Spelman,  a  learned  antiquary,  horn  in  1561,  thin! 
not  used  till  after  the  publication  of  Lombard's   3en1 
that  "  such  as  expla 

i\t)r' 

Others  claim  tl 

I 
vi  P 


98  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

enactments  long  remained  unrepealed,  in  the  statutes  of  sonic  of  the 
Stares,  which  greatly  embarrassed  the  colleges  iu  procuring  material 
for  the  dissecting-room,  but  they  have  been  either  repealed  or  become 
obsolete. 

This  desultory  narration  of  the  attempts  at  instruction  in  anatomy 
and  surgery  covers  the  fifteen  years  begiuuing  with  1750  and  brings 
us  to  the  decade  immediately  preceding  the  Eevolution.  The  times 
were  then  (1705)  ripe  for  a  higher,  a  better-organized,  and  a  more  effi- 
cient home  professional  education.  Men  eminently  fitted  for  the  under- 
taking were  at  hand  and  the  era  of  systematic  public  teaching  in  med- 
icine opened  in  Philadelphia,  then  the  principal  commercial  city  of  the 
North  American  provinces. 

A.  third  chair  was  filled,  in  1768,  by  the  election  of  Dr.  Adam  Kuhu 
as  professor  of  materia  medica  and  botany.     Dr.  Thos.  Bond,  a  native 

a  college  at  Oxford  and  died  iu  721,  was  the  first  at  that  university ;  but  Spelmau  will 
not  allow  that  "  doctor"  was  the  name  of  any  title  or  degree  in  England  prior  to  the 
reign  of  King  John,  about  1207. 

The  title,  from  its  earliest  use,  was  held  in  great  estimation  by  different  faculties,  as 
is  evidenced  by  the  doctors  contending  with  knights  for  precedence;  which  disputes 
were  iu  many  instances  terminated  by  advancing  the  doctors  to  the  dignity  of  kuight- 
hood. 

The  degree  of"  doctor"  was  a  certificate  that  the  person  receiving  it  was  competent 
to  tench  the  branch  for  which  it  was  couferred.  The  faculties  recognized,  in  which  the 
degree  was  given,  were  theology,  philosophy,  law,  medicine,  and  the  arts,  (or  polite  lit- 
erature.) Philosophy  and  the  arts  could  uot  in  any  country,  and  least  of  all  in  England, 
become  professions  with  a  numerous  following.  The  individual  who  had  pursued  his 
studies  so  far  as  to  receive  the  degree  of  doctor  in  them  either  weut  further,  and 
devoted  himself  to  theology,  law,  or  medicine,  or  else  became  attached  to  the  universi- 
ties, and  never  became  so  familiar  with  the  people  as  to  fix  upou  his  class  the  popular 
appellation  of  "doctor."  The  title  was  well  known  and  frequent  iu  the  profession  of  law, 
but  only  of  the  civil  or  Roman  law,  prevalent  in  Southern  Europe.  The  common  law  of 
England  was  never  taught  in  the  English  universities  until  a  quite  recent  date,  not 
150  years  ago ;  and  the  degree  of  doctor  of  the  common  law  never  existed.  The  English 
were  the  only  people  of  modern  times  who  produced  a  system  of  law,  original  and 
entire  iu  itself  and  wholly  differing  from  the  commou  civil  law  which  obtains  elsewhere 
throughout  Christendom.  Even  in  the  earliest  times,  the  English  were  particularly 
jealous  to  guard  against  any  inroads  on  their  system  of  common  law  by  the  Roman 
or  civil  lawyers,  and  hence  their  schools  of  jurisprudence  were  not  established  atvauy 
of  the  academic  colleges,  but  at  the  Inns  of  Court,  near  Westminster  Hall,  where, 
iu  their  peculiar  way  and  in  antagonism  to  the  schools  of  civil  law,  they  gave,  instead 
of  the  degrees  of  bachelor  and  doctor,  the  rank  of  barrister  ami  sergeant,  titles  now  well 
known  in  England  in  the  higher  walks  of  the  profession. 

Hence  the  title  of  doctor  could  never  have  beeu  popularly  applied  to  the  lawyers. 
To  the  faculties,  therefore,  of  divinity  and  medicine  must  its  common  use  necessarily 
have  been  confined.  But  the  doctorate  of  the  clergyman,  though  it  yet  exists  and  is  in 
frequent  use,  was  and  is  sunk  in  his  character  of  priest  or  bishop,  and  other  reverential 
appellations,  derived  from  their  spiritual  functions,  as  father,  friar,  (brother,)  &c,  or 
indicative  of  their  office  in  the  church,  as  bishop,  curate,  abbot,  prior,  pastor,  &c. ; 
and  the  tide  of  doctor  remained  iu  the  almost  exclusive  possession  of  the  medical 
fraternity,  and  conveyed  ths  idea  that  they  were  appointed  by  authority  to  give 
directions  for  t!i  i  mraagjmnt  of  th  •  sick  and  tho  preparation  and  administration  of 
medicines. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  99 

of  Maryland,  already  mentioned,  bad  been  in  17G8  elected  professor  of 
clinical  medicine. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Bash,  iu  1769,  was  elected  professor  of  chemistry. 

By  these  live  gentlemen  medical  teaching-  was  conducted  until  the  city 
of  Philadelphia  was  occupied  by  the  British  army,  in  1777.  In  some  of 
the  sessions,  the  classes  numbered  above  thirty  students. 

Three  of  the  professors  accepted  places  in  the  Continental  Army  and 
Navy — Shippen,  Morgan,  and  Rash.  The  number  of  graduates,  during 
the  first  decade  of  the  Philadelphia  school,  was  but  twenty-eight,  all  of 
whom  received  the  bachelor's  degree.  Four  of  those,  however,  again 
presented  themselves  iu  1771,  and,  having  published  a  thesis  in  Latin 
and  having  passed  an  examination  iu  public  in  the  same  language,  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine- 
It  can  be  readily  understood  that,  when  there  was  no  standard  of  pre- 
paratory education  demanded  of  a  student  before  commencing  the  study, 
nor  any  obligation  to  give  evidence  of  due  knowledge  and  professional 
qualifications  to  allow  them  the  privilege  to  practice,  preliminary  edu- 
cation' would  certainly  become  lowered  in  the  profession. 

Many  went  directly  from  their  preceptors  office  and  commenced  their 
professional  career,  without  attending  lectures  or  obtaining  even  a 
license  from  any  department  of  the  Government.  The  necessities  of  a 
new  country  and  the  limited  pecuniary  means  of  students  pleaded  in 
their  favor  with  the  community  and  induced  them  generally  to  com- 
mence the  practice  of  their  profession  after  attending  one  course  of 
lectures  or  receiving  the  "  bachelor's  degree." 

The  cares  of  a  home  and  of  a  practice  already  acquired  in  a  rural 
and  sparsely-settled  country  prevented  mauy,  every  way  worthy  of  the 
honor,  from  returning  to  the  college  to  receive  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
medicine.  Two  of  the  graduates  of  the  class  of  1768-71 — Jonathan 
Potts  and  James  Tilton — became  distinguished  physicians  and  held  im- 
portant and  responsible  positions  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
revolutionary  Army.  The  bachelors,  in  graduating,  participated  in  the 
public  exercises,  which,  for  the  most  part,  were  in  Latin. 

Since  1812  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  is  the  only  one  granted 
in  any  of  our  American  medical  colleges. 

Dr.  Morgan,  in  his  address  at  the  commencement  of  the  college  in 
1765,  said : 

"Perhaps  this  medical  institution.  .  of  its  kind  in  America, 

though  small  in  its  beginning,  may  receive  a  constant  accession  of 
strength  and  annually  exert  new  vigor. 

"It  may  collect  a  number  of  young  persons  of  more  than  ordinary  abil- 
ities, and  so  improve  their  knowledge  read  its  reputation  to  dif- 
ferent parts. 

"By  sending  these  abroad,  duly  qualified,  or  by  exciting  an  emulation 
among  men  of  parts  and  literature,  it  may  give  birth  to  other  useful  in- 
stitutions of  a  similar  nature  or  occasional  rise  by  its  example  tonumer- 


100  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

ous  societies  of  different  kinds,  calculated  to  spread  the  light  of  knowl 
edge  through  the  whole  American  continent,  wherever  inhabited."1 
A  part  of  this  prediction  soon  received  its  verification. 

EARLY   PHYSICIANS   IN  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Nathaniel  Rogers,  a  native  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  studied  medicine 
and  practiced  in  his  native  place.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege and  studied  with  Dr.  Bailey,  of  Ipswich.  His  practice  was  very 
large  until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  took  place  in  1745,  at  the  age 
of  45. 

Nathaniel  Sargent,  a  native  of  New  England,  practiced  medicine  in 
Portland,  N.  H.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Packer  and  commenced 
to  practice  in  Hampton,  but  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Pierce  he  removed  to 
Portland,  where  he  died,  in  June,  1762. 

Dr.  Ezra  Carter,  a  native  of  the  State,  died  at  Concord,  where  he  had 
practiced  his  profession,  September  17,  1794,  aged  48.  He  studied  with 
Dr.  Ordway,  of  Salisbury,  Mass. 

Dr.  William  Coggswell,  of  N.  H.,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolution. 
He  remained  in  charge  of  the  hospital  at  West  Point  until  1785,  when 
it  was  closed. 

Petetiah  Warren,  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution  settled  to  practice  at 
Berwick,  Me.  He  was  from  New  Hampshire,  and  served  as  surgeon's 
mate  in  the  Second  New  Hampshire  Regiment,  in  177G.  In  1785  he  sailed 
from  Salem,  Mass.,  for  the  coast  of  Africa,  but  never  returned. 

Clement  Jackson  practiced  medicine  with  distinction  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  through  a  long  life.  He  died  in  1788,  aged  82.  His  son,  Hall 
Jackson,  also  studied  medicine  and  rose  to  eminence  in  the  profession. 
He  died  in  1797. 

William  Parker  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolution ;  after  the  war  he 
settled  at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  where  he  acquired  a  leading  business,  which 
he  retained  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  September  15, 1798, 
from  an  attack  of  yellow  fever. 

Josiah  Bartlett  was  a  good  physician  and  an  ardent  patriot  in  the 
Revolution.  Having  completed  his  professional  studies  he  commenced 
to  practice  in  Kingston,  N.  H.,  at  the  age  of  21.  He  enjoyed  a  large 
practice,  was  exceedingly  popular  as  a  citizen,  was  a  member  of  the 
Colonial  Congress,  and  was  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
He  was  governor  of  the  State,  president  of  the  State  Medical  Society, 
and  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was  able  and  faithful  in  every 
position.     He  died  of  paralysis,  May  19,  L795,  aged  Go. 

Joshua  Bracket t,  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  was  a  physician  of  ex- 
cellent ability  ;  resided  and  practiced  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  where  he 
died,  July  17,  1802,  aged  (»9.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College 
in  1752.  His  medical  studies  were  prosecuted  under  Dr.  Clement  Jack- 
son.    He  was  an  honorarv  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 


mrse  upon  the  Institution  of  Middle  Schools  in  America,  p.  58. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  10J 

ciety.  The  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  his 
alma  mater  in  1793.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Bartlett  in  the  presidency  of  the 
New  Hampshire  Medical  Society.  lie  gave  143  volumes  of  valuable 
books  to  the  State  Medical  Society  to  form  a  library.  His  wife  subse- 
quently gave  a  donation  of  81,500  towards  the  same  purpose. 

Ezra  Green  was  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution,  who  after  the  war  set- 
tled and  practiced  his  profession  at  Dover,  N".  H.,  with  success  until 
near  the  end  of  his  life.  He  died  in  the  year  1817,  at  the  age  of  101 
years  and  28  days.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  17G3.  He  was 
for  a  time  surgeon  on  board  the  Ranger,  commanded  by  Paul  Jones. 

Dr.  Samuel  Curtis,  of  Amherst,  X.  H.,  was  a  surgeon  on  board  the 
frigate  Hancock,  commanded  by  ('apt.  John  Manly.  He  also  served  on 
other  vessels  in  the  same  capacity  during  the  Revolution.  He  died 
March  27,  1822,  aged  74. 

MEDICAL  COLLEGE    OF    NEW   YORK. 

In  Xew  York,  in  17GS,  the  second  medical  college  in  the  New  World 
was  fully  organized  as  a  department  of  Kings  (now  Columbia)  College, 
which  had  been  founded  in  1751.  Like  the  Philadelphia  school,  it 
came  into  being  in  cousequence  of  the  efforts  of  physicians  who  had 
already  been  engaged  in  private  instruction,  Dr.  Clossy  having  com- 
menced a  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  in  1763. 

Drs.  Middleton  and  Clossy  were  elected  to  the  chairs  of  theory  of 
physic  and  anatomy;  the  other  members  of  the  faculty  were  Drs.  Samuel 
Bard,  professor  of  the  practice  of  physic;  James  Smith,  of  chemistry  and 
materia  medica;  John  V.  B.  Tennant,  of  midwifery,  and  John  Jones,  of 
surgery. 

The  four  professors  last  named  were  Americans  and  had  completed 
their  education  in  European  universities.  Seldom  has  a  school  opened 
with  so  numerous  and  competent  a  corps  of  teachers.  Of  the  seven 
branches  usually  taught  at  the  present  day,  this  institution  had  six. 
Physiology,  the  seventh  branch,  was  not  then  sufficiently  matured  to 
justify  a  separate  chair,  and  clinical  medicine  was  not  included  for  the 
reason  that  there  was  at  that  time  no  general  hospital  in  the  city  of 
Xew  York. 

The  corner-stone  of  the  Xew  York  Hospital  was  laid  July  27,  1773, 
and  the  building  was  unfortunately  destroyed  by  fire  just  as  it  reached 
completion,  in  1775,  and  before  it  had  been  occupied. 

The  curriculum  of  study  in  these  schools  was  modeled  upon  that  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  from  which  nearly  all  the  professors  had 
graduated.  The  standard  of  requirements  governing  the  examination 
of  candidates  for  degrees  was  high  and  about  the  same  in  each. 

The  medical  department  of  Harvard  University.  Massachusetts,  was 
organized  and  lectures  began  in  1782. 


102  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

The  organization  of  the  medical  department  of  Dartmouth  College, 
N.  H.,  was  completed  in  1797. 

These  four  were  the  chief  medical  schools  organized  in  America  up  to 
the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century.  At  the  present  time  there  are 
hundreds  of  all  grades. 

RULES   OF   ADMISSION   AND   EXAMINATION. 

It  will  suffice  to  indicate  the  most  important  rules  adopted  on  this 
poiut.  First,  such  students  as  have  not  taken  a  degree  in  arts  must 
give  evidence  of  a  competent  knowledge  of  Latin  and  of  certain  branches 
of  natural  philosophy.  Secondly,  three  years  after  matriculation,  an 
examination  for  the  bachelor's  degree  will  be  allowed  to  studeuts  who 
have  taken  one  complete  course  of  lectures.  Thirdly,  one  year  after 
obtaining  the  primary  degree  the  student  will  be  admitted  to  examina- 
tion for  the  doctorate,  if  he  shall  be  22  years  of  age,  shall  have 
attended  two  full  courses  of  lectures,  and  have  published  and  publicly 
defended  a  treatise  upon  some  medical  subject.  Fourthly,  the  mode  of 
examination  shall  follow  that  of  the  most  celebrated  universities  of 
En  rope. 

DATE   OE  EIRST   DEGREES. 

The  first  bachelor's  degree  conferred  in  America  was  granted  in  Phil- 
adelphia in  1768  and  in  New  York  in  1700.  The  first  degree  of  doctor 
in  medicine  was  conferred  in  New  York  in  1770  and  in  Philadelphia 
in  1771.  The  first  medical  degree  conferred  by  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh was  in  1705. 

ANNUAL    SESSION;--. 

The  regular  course  of  lectures  generally  began  in  September  and 
closed  in  May  or  June.  Dr.  Shippen's  course  in  anatomy  embraced 
sixty  lectures.  The  practice  of  delivering  introductory  lectures  wras  in 
vogue  from  the  first,  and  two  or  more  of  them  pronounced  at  the  open- 
ing of  these  schools  were  printed  and  arc  still  in  existence. 

Copies  of  the  published  thesis  of  the  first  graduates  are  also  extant.1 
The  cost  to  a  student  of  taking  a  bachelor's  degree  was  not  far  from 
$00  of  the  money  of  the  present  day. 

PROGRESS   OE  MEDICAL   EDUCATION. 

To  those  who  have  noted  the  conditions  and  events  in  the  colonies, 
narrated  in  the  preceding  pages,  affecting  the  medical  profession,  it  will 
be  evident  that  the  means  and  facilities  available  to  young  men  prepar- 
ing to  enter  the  profession,  before  the  Eevolution,  were  so  meager  that 
they  can  scarcely  be  conceived  by  either  the  practitioner  or  student  of 
the  present  day.  As  a  general  fact,  in  early  times  the  youug  man  was 
apprenticed  to  his  preceptor  for  from  three  to  seven  years,  the  student, 
'See  Catalogue  of  Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office. 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  103 

too,  in  most  cases,  beginning  professional  studies  at  the  early  age  of 
from  14  to  18.  It  will  naturally  be  inferred  from  this  that  many  of  the 
students  were  less  qualified  by  preparatory  education  for  commencing 
professional  studies  than  was  desirable,  indeed,  it  was  not  an  unusual 
thing  that  the  student,  iu  addition  to  his  medical  reading,  was  at  the 
same  time  receiviug  instruction  in  the  languages,  either  at  an  academy, 
from  his  medical  preceptor,  or  some  neighboring  clergyman.  This  was 
particularly  true  in  rural  districts,  in  which  the  higher  schools  or  acade- 
mies were  scarce.  The  usages  of  European  countries  were,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  brought  over  by  the  early  settlers  and  made  the  basis  of 
social  customs,  professional  regulations,  and  local  laws.  In  the  Old 
World,  it  had  been  the  practice  for  centuries  for  the  medical  student  to 
be  apprenticed  for  a  term  of  about  seven  years  to  his  preceptor.1  This 
custom,  although  gradually  yielding,  lingered  longest  in  the  rural  dis- 
tricts and  smaller  towns,  whence  can:  if  our  early  settlers. 

The  system  of  apprenticeship  in  the  profession  of  medicine  was  still 
in  vogue  in  America  up  to  the  period  of  the  independence  of  the  colonies 
and  in  some  of  the  States  to  a  late  period.  Many  young  men  of  good 
preparatory  education,  with  ample  pecuniary  means  to  pursue  their 
professional  studies,  were  indentured  for  terms  of  years.  This  indenture- 
ship  was  a  sort  of  servitude  on  the  part  of  the  young  man,  and  contracted 
that  he  should  be  taught  the  science  and  art  of  medicine,  and  that  he 
should  give  all  histimeand  energy  to  the  study  and  to  whatever  other  busi- 
ness-interests his  preceptor  might  require  of  him.  With  great  propriety 
this  always  included  the  compounding  of  prescriptions  and  the  prepar- 

1  The  system  or  practice  of  apprenticing  youths  for  a  term  of  years,  usually  seven, 
originated  at  a  period  when  the  genteel  professions,  trades,  and  most  other  pur- 
■  almost  exclusively  carried  on  by  corp  irate  institutions.  The  custom  of 
j  professions  and  business  through  guilds  and  corporations  became  so  gen- 
eral in  the  fifteenth  century  as  almost  to  paralyze  individual  energies.  They  were,  in 
England,  finally  rest  i  leir  powers  (luring  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.    The  guilds,  of 

ti-military  character,  probably  had  their  origin  in  the  free  cities  of  Italy,  where  the 
trades-people  had  to  defend  th  gainst  the  rapacity  of  the  lords.    These  associa- 

tions adopted  and  fostered  democr  itic  and  independent  principles  of  government  iu  their 
societies.  In  progress  of  time,  in  different  countries,  they  became  the  strong  arm  for 
protecting  the  citizens' rights  and  liberties.  Countries  where  the  guilds  of  various 
kinds  flourished  most  took  the  lea  1  in  reforms  that  have-  ameliorated  the  condition  of 
the  mass  of  the  people.  By  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century  guilds  were  common 
throughout  Europe,  particularly  in  Italy,  Germany,  and  Great  Britain  ;  and  although 
They  were,  at  one  pel  hid  in  the  progress  of  civilization,  of  great  importance  to  the  peo- 
ple, they  iu  time  became  intolerable  aristocracies  and  oppressive  to  individual  industry 
and  enterprise,  so  that  their  restriction  became  a  necessity.     The  lawyer,  as  well  as 

bysician,  a  century  <>r  two  buck,  in  receiving  a  young  man  as  a  student,  had  him 
indentured  :  end,  although  seven  years  was  the  usual  time,  the  period  was  a  matter  to 
be  determined  by  the  contracting  parties.  The  barrister  frequently  studied  sixteen 
years,  after  which  he  might  take  the  degree  of  -"  servitudoa  ad  legem."    In  our 

try,  instances  occurred  of  clergymen  taking  appre  itices  to  teach  them 

prepare  the  n  regularly  for  the  universities  of  particular  denominations. 


104  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

atiou  of  medicines.  Formerly  medicines  were  furnished  to  physic, 
drug-stores  in  their  crude  form,  as  imported.  To  pulverize  bark  and  root  s. 
to  make  and  spread  plasters,  to  make  tinctures,  ointments,  extracts,  and 
blue-mass,  &c,  was  the  arduous  labor  of  days.  The  students  were  com- 
monly intrusted  with  bleeding,  cupping,  pulling  teeth,  dressing  minor 
wounds,  attending  to  night-calls  in  the  office,  and  occasionally  visiting 
patients  with  their  preceptor. 

The  sparseness  of  population  in  the  rural  districts,  the  limited  pecu- 
niary means  of  many  students,  and  their  inability  to  board  at  home  or 
to  find  boarding-places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  doctor's  office  necessitated 
the  student  to  become  an  inmate  of  his  preceptor's  family.  Relations  of 
this  character  naturally  served  to  identify  intimately  the  student's  life 
with  all  that  affected  the  reputation  and  success  of  his  preceptor  and 
which  dignified  all  duties  and  labors. 

Prof.  Dunglison,  in  the  Medical  Student,  pages  59,  CO,  in  speaking 
of  the  student-life  in  the  office  of  a  preceptor  in  England,  says :  "  He 
instructs  him,  moreover,  to  bleed,  glyster,  draw  teeth,  &c. ;  and  not  many 
years  ago  it  was  the  practice  in  some  of  the  country-places  of  England, 
and  perhaps  still  is,  to  require  that  the  medical  pupil  should  attend  to 
the  horse,  if  his  employer  kept  one,  see  that  it  was  regularly  groomed, 
fed,  and  watered,  and  bring  it  saddled  to  the  door  on  all  sudden  emergen- 
cies !  What  an  employment  for  the  future  member  of  a  liberal  and 
learned  profession !  and  what  a  waste  of  time  in  a  pupilage,  thus  un- 
necessarily protracted." 

What  is  here  given  as  a  picture  of  the  student's  life  in  Great  Britain 
may  be  taken  as  applicable  to  the  profession  at  an  early  period  in  the  colo- 
nies. Dr.  John  Bard,  in  17132,  at  the  age  of  between  11  and  15  years. 
according  to  the  custom  of  the  times,  was  bound  apprentice  for  seven 
years  to  Mr.  Kearsley,  one  of  the  leading  surgeons  of  Philadelphia,  but 
a  man  of  unhappy  temper.  "He  treated  his  pupils  with  great, rigor 
and  subjected  them  to  the  most  menial  employments,  to  which  Dr.  Bard 
has  been  heard  to  say  he  would  never  have  submitted  but  from  the 
apprehension  of  giving  pain  to  his  excellent  mother,  who  was  then  a 
widow  with  seven  children  and  a  very  moderate  income,  and  from  the 
encouragement  he  received  from  the  kindness  of  her  particular  friend. 
Mrs.  Kearsley,  of  whom  he  always  spoke  in  terms  of  the  warmest  grati- 
tude, affection,  and  respect."  (Thacher's  Medical  Biography,  p.  97.)  Dr. 
Benjamin  Hush,  in  17C0,  after  acquiring  a  classical  education,  was  ap- 
prenticed at  the  age  of  15  to  Dr.  John  Bedman  for  six  years.  He  was 
in  daily  attendance  upon  the  shop  of  his  preceptor,  and  it  was  during 
this  time  that  he  wrote  the  only  account  we  have  of  the  yellow  fever  in 
Philadelphia  of  1702.  Dr.  James  Lloyd,  of  Boston,  at  the  age  of  17, 
in  1715  commenced  his  medical  studies,  which  continued  for  nearly 
Jive  years,  under  Dr.  Clark,  of  Boston.  Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  in  1800,  "  com- 
menced his  pupilage  with  Dr.  Gofortli  in  his  sixteenth  year.  During  the 
next  three  years  his  chief  occupation  was  the  study  of  medicine,  the  run- 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS. 


105 


ning  ol  errands,  the  compounding  of  drugs,  and  all  such  employments  as 
befall  a  country  doctor's  boy,  student,  young  man,  or  whatever  else 
bluntness  or  courtesy  might  call  him."  (Mansfield's  Life  of  Drake,  p.  54.) 
It  would  be  quite  easy  to  add  the  names  of  other  distinguished  Ameri- 
can physicians  who  were  apprenticed  to  their  medical  preceptor. 

From  the  constant  struggle  that  was  incumbent  on  all  classes  of 
society  to  provide  the  necessary  means  of  life,  high  literary  culture  was 
exceptional  or  had  to  be  in  a  measure  overlooked,  even  by  the  medical 
profession.  There  were  but  a  few  towns  up  to  the  period  of  the  Involu- 
tion where  the  population  was  great  enough  to  bring  together  a  sufficient 
number  of  physicians  to  enable  them  to  form  a  society  either  for  profes- 
sional discussion  and  advancement  or  for  social  intercourse. 

The  aggregate  population  of  the  colonies  in  177G  was  perhaps  not 
much  in  excess  of  3,000,000.  The  first  census  taken  by  authority  of 
Congress  was  in  1790,  when  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  found  to  be 
3,928,326.  In  1800  the  returns  gave  5,319,702.  It  is  estimated  that 
there  was  about  one  physician  for  every  800  of  the  population  in  towns 
and  one  for  about  every  ten  or  twelve  hundred  throughout  the  rural 
districts.1 

There  were  probably  not  3,500  physicians  all  told  in  the  United  Stales 
when  the  colonies  declared  themselves   independent  of  Great  Britain. 

Tabh   of  the  toions  of  orei  \iim   in   the  different  States  in   1790    and  1300, 

made  upfront  tin  United  States  census-reports. 


Towns. 


Portsmouth,  N.  H 

Boston,  Mass 

'Gloucester,  E<m\-  County,  Mass  . 

"Marblehead,  Mass 

*Newburyport,  Mass 

*Salem,  Mass 

Providence,  R.  I 

Xi-wpnl  t.  11.  I 

"Hartford,  Conn 

"'Mi  tut  let  on.  Conn 

*Ni"v  London,  Conn 

*Norwalk,  Conn 

*Stonington,  Conn 

Albany.  X.  Y 

New  York,  X.  V 

■Canaan  Town,  Columbia  County , 

XV '... 

*Connasacharrie,       Mont  _ 

County.  X.  V '.. 

♦Cambridge,  Washington  Counl  v. 

x.  v :.. 

*Clinton  I  lounty,  X.  V  . . 


Population. 


1S00. 


1-  038 
5,317 
5,661 


7.  0-jl 
6,711 


33,  131 

6,  G0-2 


5.  339 

5,331 
5,211 

:..  946 
9   151 

7.614 

6,  539 

5,  :i47 

5,  150 

:.  196 
:..  537 

-    28g 

189 


6,  187 

5  JO- 


Population. 


'Ballstown,  Albany  County.  X".  Y 
MTrederickstown,  Dutchess 

ty,  N.Y 

'Fishkill,  Dutchess  County.  X.  Y 
'JJennselaerwicktown,      Albany 

County,  X'.  Y 

Schenectady  City,  Albany  Coun- 
ty, X.  Y .' 

Stephentown,    Albany    County, 

X.  Y    ' 

'Stephentown,  Rennselaer  Coun- 
ty. ST.  Y    

Washington.  Dutchess   County. 

x.  v :.. 

►"Watervliet,  Albany  County,  N.Y. 

Philadelphia,  Pa 

Baltimore,  Mil 

Richmond,  Va  

^Charleston,  S.  C 

•  S  i\  .hi nali,  Ga 

'Christiana,  Del 


1790.        1800. 


,  932 

..'41 


B,  118 


6  1  18 
5,  5 1 1 
:,,  389 

i 


26,  1 1  I 

20,563 

:,.  L66 
6,  32S 


The  United  Stati  -  census-returns  do  uot  afford  the  data  fur  an  exact  .statement  of  the 
populations  of  the  towns  ofthe  different  colonies.  S  ime  of  the  towns  include  villages 
and  townships  or  even  a  larger  civil  division.  This  is  offered  only  as  an  approximate 
list  :  a  more  i  areful  study  would  prohahly  add  to  it  Lancaster,  Pa.  :  ami  a  few  other 
places  ought  perhaps  to  lie  included.  Places  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  are  supposi  >l 
to  comprehend  the  inhabitants  ol'  the  township  as  well  as  corporate  borough. 


10G  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

It  is  further  probable  tbat  there  were  not  much,  if  any,  over  350  who 
had  received  a  medical  degree. 

If  we  make  the  general  average  of  one  physician  for  every  800  of  the 
population,  it  would  give  us  4,070  physicians  in  1700,  and  in  1800  the 
same  rate  of  physicians  to  total  population  would  give  G,G19  physicians 
for  the  United  States;  or,  if  we  adopt  the  ratio  of  physicians  to  total 
population  furnished  by  the  late  census,  which  is  one  physician  to  every 
018  persons,  there  would  have  been,  in  1790,0,321  physicians,  and,  in  1S00, 
8,G08.  I  am  satisfied,  however,  that  even  the  first  estimate  is  too  high 
for  the  period  of  our  history  antedating  the  Revolution.  There  were  but 
a  few  towns  then  with  a  population  of  over  5,000,  and  consequently  the 
opportunity  for  professional  intercourse,  even  if  the  medical  practition- 
ers were  inclined,  was  not  great.  In  the  rural  districts,  the  pioneer  was 
constantly  battling  to  subdue  the  forest  and  protect  himself  against 
the  elements.  He  had  but  little  time  to  indulge  in  literary  pursuits  or 
to  enjoy  such  acquirements  in  others.  There  always  has  been,  and 
always  must  be,  a  relation  between  the  qualifications  of  the  medical  prac- 
titioner of  a  country  and  the  degree  of  culture  and  the  necessities  for 
individual  labor  on  the  part  of  the  mass  of  the  people. 

It  is  probable  that  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution  there  were  not  living 
in  all  the  colonies  100  physicians  who  had  received  medical  degrees ;  and 
yet,  as  is  stated  elsewhere,  there  were  presumed  to  be  over  3,500  practi- 
tioners. The  American  colleges  had  up  to  177G  in  the  aggregate  issued 
but  fifty-one  degrees,  including  that  of  bachelor  of  medicine.  At  the 
close  of  the  century,  those  who  had  received  degrees  from  American 
institutions  did  not  number  250,  but  probably  five  times  this  number  had 
attended  one  course  of  lectures  at  the  different  colleges,  and  who  were 
then  in  practice.  The  colonists  at  first,  it  would  seem,  rather  preferred 
to  patronize  the  medical  man  who  was  also  minister,  farmer,  merchant, 
or  mechanic  in  addition  to  being  a  physician.  Nor  is  it  strange  that  a 
population  in  a  new  country,  compelled  to  be  industrious,  frugal,  and 
primitive  in  their  habits,  should  welcome  thosa  who  most  nearly  adopted 
their  own  mode  of  life.  It  will  be  remembered  that  there  were  neither 
medical  clubs,  institutions,  quizzes,  nor  clinics  to  aid  the  medical  student ; 
and  the  libraries  of  medical  men,  as  a  general  fact,  contained  but  few 
works,  and  those  were  text-books  of  the  most  general  character.  There 
was,  perhaps,  not  a  medical  library  in  the  country  prior  to  the  Revolu- 
tion that  would  have  numbered  1,000  volumes  and  the  vast  majority  of 
physicians  did  not  have  50.  From  these  facts  the  advantages,  or  rather 
want  of  advantages,  of  the  early  medical  student  may  be  inferred.  The 
great  majority  of  practitioners  of  medicine  throughout  the  colonies  down 
to  the/Revolution  were  never  enabled  to  attend  lectures,  visit  hospital- 
clinics,  or,  as  it  was  termed,  walk  the  hospital,  for  such  institutions  did  not 
exist  in  this  country.  Students  having  concluded  the  term  for  which  they 
engaged  to  read  with  a  physician,  they  commenced  their  career  as  practi- 
tioners.    The  practice,  however,  was  quite  common  for  the  student  to 


ANNALS    OF    MEDICAL    PROGRESS.  107 

study  in  the  office  of  some  physician  enjoying  a  reputation  for  surgery  or 
for  the  treatment  of  fevers,  or  specially  noted  for  some  branch  of  his  pro- 
fession, for  a  year  or  two,  and  then  to  go  to  the  office  of  another  who 
enjoyed  a  similar  reputation  for  excellence  in  another  branch;  but  the  usage 
was  general  that  the  young  physicians  left  the  offices  of  their  preceptors 
to  commence  practice.  In  but  a  few  States  were  licenses  or  certificates 
lired,  and  these  were  easily  obtained.  The  doctor's  office,  too,  at 
that  period,  had  not  the  luxurious  appointments  of  the  present  day.  It 
was  generally  a  one-story  single  room,  joining  or  adjacent  to  the  doctor's 
house;  the  exception  was  for  it  to  have  two  rooms;  these  were  kept  in 
order  by  the  students  themselves.  It  was  rarely  plastered  ;  was  shelved 
around  the  walls  to  hold  bottles  and  medicine  and  the  few  medical  boots 
the  doctor's  library  contained.  It  was  never  carpeted  and  was  too  often 
cheerless  in  the  extreme.  It  was  neither  inviting  to  the  student  nor  to 
the  patient,  nor  to  their  friends  who  had  to  visit  it.  The  paraphernalia  of 
saddle-bags,  overcoats,  buffalo-robes,  and  the  usual  outfit  of  the  country 
doctor  were  almost  everywhere  obtrusively  apparent  about  the  room. 

As  the  cabin  preceded  the  comfortable  farm-dwelling  and  the  school- 
house  and  academy  preceded  the  college,  just  so  the  primitive  medi- 
cal men  preceded  the  more  cultured  and  accomplished  physicians 
of  a  later  period.  It  will  always  follow  that  the  higher  and  more  gen- 
eral the  staudard  of  education  in  a  country,  the  higher  will  be  the  stand- 
ard of  professional  acquirements  demanded  by  the  public. 

We  have  stated  elsewhere  that  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary 
war  but  two  medical  colleges  had  been  organized  in  the  United  States.1 

The  war  of  the  Revolution  gave  great  impetus  and  energy  to  the  whole 
population  of  the  colonies.  The  experience  gained  by  the  medical  men 
who  served  in  the  Army  elevated  their  views,  gave  them  confidence  in 
the  exercise  of  their  professional  duties,  endeared  them  to  the  public, 
and  made  them  almost  oracles  in  the  communities  in  which  they  resided. 
This  spirit  of  gratitude  also  created  friends  for  the  profession  in  the 
various  legislatures,  led  to  the  enactment  of  laws  which  were  more 

r  political  reasons  the  charter  of  tin'  College  of  Philadelphia  was  abrogated 
in  1779,  and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  chartered  and  a  faculty  organized.  In 
1789  the  powers  and  privileges  were  restored  bo  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  but  leav- 
ing i  he  university  with  its  endow  men  is  from  confiscated  estates  and  all  the  powers  at  first 
granted.  The  two  schools  continued  their  separate  course  until  the  close  of  the  yearl791. 
Whole  number  of  graduates,  including  the  bachelor  and  doctor's  degree,  from  College 
of  Philadelphia,  from  170-~>  to  its  union  with  tin-  university,  38.  Whole  number  of  grad- 
uates from  tli>'  organization  of  University  of  Pennsj  Ivania  to  the  close  of  the  century, 
131.*  The  first  medical  college  organized  in  New  York  was  under  the  patronage  of 
King's  College  in  1768;  the  chairs  all  became  vacant  in  177:1.  Up  to  this  period  there 
hail  been  1  !  graduate  s  receiving  tin'  bachelor's  or  doctor's  degree.!  In  17s7  the  name 
of  the  college  was  changed  to  that  of  Columbia  College  and  measures  taken  to  organ- 
ize a  new  faculty,  which  was  not  completed  until  1792.     From  1792-'9  '.  to  1800  there  were, 

*  History  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Penns  .:-. 

Mi  ;ii  ..I  ';  _  iter  of  the  City  of  New  York,  1863,  p.  L67. 


108  CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE 

* 

just  and  protecting  iu  their  character  and  popularized  the  more  recent 
and  thorough  modes  for  the  scientific  study  of  medicine.  Hitherto  dis- 
sections of  the  human  body  were  very  offensive  to  the  public  sentiment, 
but  the  war  greatly  lessened  this  prejudice,  aud  the  last  vestige  of  this 
opposition  manifested  itself  in  1788  in  Kew  York,  and  from  that  time 
forward  medical  schools  have  not  been  interfered  with  in  using  in  a 
proper  way  fitting  subjects  iu  the  dissecting-room.  From  this  period, 
also,  may  be  dated  the  greatest  liberality  on  the  part  of  the  law-makers 
for  the  encouragement  of  medical  colleges,  medical  societies,  and  cura- 
tive institutions.  This  of  itself  inspired  the  ambition  of  youths  in  every 
community  to  enter  a  profession  that  was  so  honored,  and  there  to  win 
distinction.  During  the  period  from  the  close  of  the  Revolution  to  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century,  there  was  a  marked  increase  of  medi- 
cal students  in  the  country,  and  no  less  than  five  additional  colleges,  or 
rather  medical  faculties,  organized;  but  iu  1800  we  find  only  four  of 
them  in  actual  existence,  welcoming  within  them  the  medical  students 
of  America.  From  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  the  number 
of  our  medical  students  who  went  to  Europe  to  complete  their  education 
became  fewer.  The  colleges,  too,  were  increasing  the  number  of  distinct 
chairs  or  professorships  aud  the  facilities  for  the  student  were  being 
increased.  The  number  of  medical  works  that  were  being  published 
in  the  country  was  noticeably  on  the  increase,  many  of  them  being 
printed  at  interior  towns  of  the  different  States,  where  since  1800 
scarcely  any  book  had  been  published.  It  is  true  that  these  publica- 
tions were  chiefly,  and  often  with  comments,  editions  of  French  and 
English  works.  Few  original  ones,  up  to  the  close  of  the  last  century, 
were  made  by  American  authors;  and  up  to  the  close  of  the  century  but 
one  original  medical  journal  was  published  iu  the  country. 

INTERRUPTION  FROM  WAR. 

The  promising  career  of  these  institutions  was  early  interrupted  by 
the  stirring  events  which  ushered  in  the  Revolution. 

in  this  school  225  matriculants  aud  15  M.  D.  graduates.*  Iu  1787  Nicholas  Romayne 
established  a  respectable  private  medical  school  aud  continued  it  as  such  until  1791 
without  issuing  degrees,  when  he  associated  with  him  a  few  others.  They  first  applied  for 
recognition  and  powers  to  grant  degrees  from  the  University  of  New  York.  This  not 
being  granted,  they  accepted  powers  from  Queeu's  (now  Rutgers)  College  of  New  Jer- 
sey, in  1793.t  I  am  n  ot  able  to  state  what  number  graduated  from  this  school ;  but,  as 
the  organization  was  not  long  continued,  there  were  but  very  few.  The  medical  faculty 
of  Harvard  University,  up  to  the  close  of  the  century,  granted  but  9  medical  diplo- 
mas. I  Dartmouth  Medical  College,  which  organized  its  medical  faculty  iu  179G,  up 
to  the  close  of  the  century  had  granted  but  5  medical  degrees.^  The  whole  number 
of  medical  degrees  granted  by  all  seven  of  these,  medical  faculties,  up  to  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  amouuted  to  only  about  212. 

4  Inaugural  Discourse,  Rutgers  College,  by  Hosaok,  p.  85. 
I  Manley's  Address  as  President  of  the  New  York  Medical  Si 
;  College  Catalogue. 
<  lollege  Catalogue, 


ANNALS  OF  MEDICAL  PROGRESS.  100 

Political  excitement  and  the  preparations  for.war  claimed  the  atten- 
tion of  the  citizens.  Inter  arma  silent  doctores.  Some  of  the  professors 
continued  to  impart  instruction  for  a  time  and  none  were  indifferent  to 
the  struggle,  while  most  of  those  who  were  natives  of  this  country 
received  important  commissions  either  from  the  colonial  or  Federal  Gov- 
ernment. 

Since  the  establishment  of  American  independence,  when  we  had  less 
than  4,000,000  population  and  but  two  medical  colleges,  these  institu- 
tions have  so  multiplied  in  the  land,  that  now,  with  a  population  of 
perhaps  40,000,000,  there  is  scarcely  a  State  that  has  not  one  or  more 
flourishing  medical  schools.  In  the  aggregate  there  are  now  over  one 
hundred  medical  teaching  bodies  in  the  United  States.  The  classes 
attending  these  various  colleges  number  about  7,000,  with  an  annual 
list  of  graduates  of  over  2,000. 

The  author  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  assistance  of  Dr.  R.  M. 
Wyckoff  in  the  preparation  of  this  article. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  TO  NAMES  OF  PHYSICIANS  MENTIONED 

IN  THE  TEXT. 


A.  P»g«. 

Adams,  David 69 

Adams,  Henry :!."> 

Adams,  Samuel 35,44 

Adams,  William 83 

Alii,  John  Peter 89 

Aleoek,  John 13 

Aleock,  Samuel 18 

Alcocke,  N 15 

Alexander,  Nathaniel 64 

Allen,  Daniel 19 

Allison,  Richard 83 

AlsOp,   J 1;") 

Ames,  Nathaniel -2.") 

Ame.s,  Seth 29 

Apple whaite,  John 93 

Appletou,  Nathaniel  Walker 24 

Archer,  Joha 88 

Arents,  Jacoh 73 

Arnold,  Jonathan.... 71 

Aspinwall,  William 23 

At twood ,  Dr 45, 58 

Atwater,  David 65 

Austin,  Caleh 46 

Avery,  Jonathan 19 

Avery,  William  18 

Axon,  Samuel  J 62 

Aylef,J 15 

Ayrault.  Pierre   70 

P.. 

Bacon,  i  reueral 9 

Bagnall,  Anthonj  8 

Bailey.Dr 100 

Baird,  Absalom 80,83 

Baker,  James 28 

Baker,  Moses 32 

Baldwin,  Cornelias 10 

Ballantine,  Eban 35 

Barber,  Lake  87 

Bard,  John 44,73,  104 

Hard,  Samuel 44,57,  101 

Barnaby,  Rath 18 

Barnet,  Oliver 7t; 

Barnet,  William 

Baron.  Alexander 


P»gft 

Bartlett,  Daniel 35 

Bartlett,  John „     72 

Bartlett,  Josiah 33,49, 100,  101 

Bartlett,  Moses 65,68 

Bartlett,  Moses,  jr 68 

Barret,  Dr 23 

Barrett,  Daniel 76 

Bartram,  John 79 

Bass,  John 72 

Baxter,  Joseph  26 

Bayley,  Richard 45 

Baylies,  William 28 

Bay  nham,  John n 

Baynbam,  William 11 

Beal,  Dr 18 

Beatty,  Reading 83 

Bedford,  Nathaniel 81 

Beekman,  Gerardus 39,  49 

Belcher,  Dr 25 

Belcher,  E „ 68 

Bel  tsnyder,  William 38 

Bellingham,  Samuel 12 

Berry,  Thomas 31 

Binuey,  Barnabas 31 

Bird,  John 07 

Bloom  field,  Moses 77 

Blyth,  Joseph (i4 

Bodo,  Otto 77 

Bogart,  Nicholas  N 72 

Bohuu,  Lawrence 8 

Bond,  Thomas 83,84,85,98 

Booerhaave,  Dr 9G 

Bowen,  Elijah 7:5 

Bowen,  Elijah,  jr 74 

Bowen,  Ephraim 70,72 

Bowen,  Joseph. , 72 

Bowen,  Pardon 72 

Bowen,  Richard 71 

Boyd,  John gg 

Buy  1st 01 1.  Thomas k; 

Boylston,  Zabdiel 22 

Bracket  t,  Joshua 100 

Bradford,  Will ia  1.1   71 

Bredewardyn,  William 15 

Brebm,  James 63 

Brel ,  John 70 

Brett,  Robert 1  ■> 


112 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Brewer,  James 43 

Brickett,  James 93 

Briugham,  Origen 35 

Brinley,  Frank 43 

Brooks,  Dr 35 

Brown,  Benjamin 72 

Brown,  Ezekiel 35 

Brown,  Gustavus 

Brown.  Gustavus ^8 

Brown,  Jal>ez 70 

Brown,  Jabezjr 70 

Brown,  James 83 

Brown,  Joseph 70 

Brownfield,  Robert 62 

Brownson,  Nathan 62 

Brunson,  Isaac 69 

Buchanan,  George 87 

Buckman,  Nathan 30 

Budd,  Bernard '6 

B add ,  John  C 76 

Bulkley,  John 26,67 

Bull,  Ezekiel 12 

Bull,  William 61 

Bullfinch,  Thomas 23, 24 

Bullfinch,  Thomas,  jr 23 

Bullivant,  Benjamin 19 

Burnet,  Ichabod 77 

Burnet,  William 77 

Butler,  William 63 

Butts,  William 15 

C. 

Cabell,  William 9 

Cadwallader,  Thomas 46,  79,  s4 

Caldwell.  Andrew 83 

Calvert,  Jonathan 11,90 

Campbell,  George,  of  New  Jersey.  75 

Campbell,  George,  of  New  York..  46 

Campbell,  Dr 66 

Campfield,  Jabez 77 

Came,  John 62 

Carrington,  Elias 66 

Carroll,  Charles 

Carter,  Ezra 100 

Carter,  .lames 11 

Carter,  William 11 

(  astine,  Abel 66 

lace,  John 72 

tiers,    Lionel 61,  63 

Cliambre,  John 15,16 

icy,   Isaac 13 

incy,  Charles 13 

"Cheever,  Abijah 35 

"<  berts,  Michiel  de  Marco 39 

■!.  Robert 18 


Pape. 

Child,  Timothy 34 

Chiystie,  Thomas 10,11 

Church,   Benjamin 23,33 

Clark,  Dr.,  of  Massachusetts 104 

Clark.  John,  of  Rhode  Island 70 

Clarke,  John,  of  Massachusetts..  14 

Clarke,  John.  jr..  of  Massachusetts  14 

Claude,  Dennis. 87 

Clayton,  John 11 

Clayton,  Joshua 92 

Clements,  Mace 10 

Glossy,  Samuel 45,97,101 

Cochran,  John 4(3,  47,77 

Coggeswell,  William 35, 100 

Cogswell,  Mason  Fitch 66 

Colden,  Cadwallader 42,  49 

Coleman,   Asaph 68 

Coleman,  Noah 69 

Commer,  Jacob  D 39 

Condict,  John 75,76 

Cook,  Samuel 46 

Cooke,   Elisha 22 

Cooke,  Elisha,  jr 22 

Cooke,  Stephen 11 

Corbett,  John 24,28 

Corbett,  John,  jr 24 

Cornelius,  Elias 46 

Coulter,  Dr 89 

Courts,  Richard  Henry 89 

Cox,Daniel 73 

Craddock,  Dr 89 

Cragie,  Andrew 46 

Craik,  James 10 

Crane,  John 35 

Cranston,  John 70 

Craven,  Gersham 74 

Creed,  Dr 76 

Crosby,  Ebeuezer 43 

Crossman,  George 27 

Crouch, Dr 27 

Cullen,Dr 96 

Currie,  James 11 

Curtis,  Alexander  C 39 

Curtis.  Benjamin 23 

Curtis.  Samuel, of  New  Hampshire  101 

Curtis,  Samuel,  of  North  Carolina.  6  1 

dishing,  Lemuel 35 

Cutler,  John 23 

Cutter.  A ni mi 25 

Cutting,  John  1! 92 

D. 

Dalb  uinde,  Lawrence 23,  24 

Danforth,  Elijah 24,25 

lei 31,  33 


[NjJEX. 


113 


Darby,  Henry  White 75 

Darby,  John,  of  Connecticut —  69 

Darby,  John,  of  New  Jersey 75 

I  Davidson,  James 

Davis,  Jonathan 

Davis,  Joseph 10 

Dean,  Ezra 26 

Deancy,  Dr 74 

Deeping,  William 38 

De  Hinse,  Dr 40 

Den  wood,  Levin 00 

Dexter.  Aaron 31 

Dexter,  William 26 

Dickinson,  .John 66,68 

Dickinson,  Jonathan 7 3 

Doggett,  Ebenezer 26 

Douglass,  William 22 

Drake.  Daniel 104 

Diaper,  George 46 

Drnce,  John 27 

Dubois,  Isaac 42 

Duffield,  John 35 

Du  Parck,  Jan 39 

Dupuy,  John 42 

E. 

Edmonston,  Samuel  90 

Egbert,  Jacob  V.... 93 

Elbert,  John  L 90 

Eliot,  Jared 65,  66,  67 

Elliott,  John 46 

Elmer,  Ebenezer 75 

Elmer,  Jonathan 74,76 

Elmer,  Moses 77 

Ely,  John 67 

Erving,  Shirley 33 

V. ust is.  William 32 

Evans,  Cadwallader 79,84 

Evert  sen,  Arent 40 

Ewing,  Thomas 74 

F. 

Fayssoux,  Peter 62 

Fereis,  1! 15 

Fergus,  James 64 

Finley,  James  I!.  C :;."> 

Finley,  Samuel  . . . .' :!."> 

Firmin,  Giles 12,64 

Fisher,  Adam 90 

Fisher.  Daniel '-'<\ 

Disk.  John 12 

Disk,  Joseph 35 

Fisk,  l'hineas 65,68 

Fiske,  Henry !•! 

Flagg,  Henry  C 62 

8  MP 


Page. 

Flint,  Edward 26 

Foriuan,  Aaron 76 

Foster,  Isaac 93 

Fothergill,  Dr 85 

Francis,  John  W 42 

Francis,  .John 16 

Franklin,  Benjamin '.».  !1 

Frunk,  John 35 

Fuller,  Jabez ;!4 

Fuller,  Matthew 13 

Fuller,  Samuel 12 

Fries,  Jaques 15 

G. 

Gager,  William 12 

( tale,  Benjamin 23, 67, 68 

Gait,  John  Minson 11 

Gardiner,  Jos 23,24 

Gardiner,  Sylvester 23,71 

Gardiner,  William  79 

Gardner,  Alexander 61 

Gardner,  Samuel 30 

Gelston,  Samuel 23 

Gerrard,  Dr 86 

Gilder,  Reuben 92 

Glentworth,  George 80 

Glover,  John 13 

Glover,  Samuel  Kingsley 32 

Goldineau,  Giles 40 

Goddard,T 15 

Godfrey,  Philip 23 

Goforth,  Dr 104 

Goodson,  John 78 

Goodwin,  Francis  Le  Baron 35 

Goss,  Eben  Harden 34 

Gott,  Benjamin 31 

Gould.  David 11 

Gould,  Witham 69 

Graeme,  Thomas 79 

Graham,  Andrew 44 

Graham,  Isaac  Gilbert 35,44 

Graham,  Stephen. 46 

Graham,  William 11 

Graves,  Thomas 23 

Gray,  Dr 89 

Green,  Ezra 93,101 

Green,  Dr 9 

Green,  James  W 64 

Griffin,  Corbin 12, 93 

Griffin, Cyrus 12 

(irirtith.  David 12 

Griffith,  John 77 

Griffith,  Owen 79 

Gulstone,  Dr 8 

Gunn,  Frederick 62 


114 


INDEX. 


H.  Page. 

Hale,  Eliznr 68 

Hale,  Elizur,  jr 68 

Hale,  Mordecai 46 

Halibnrton,  Dr 70 

Hall,  Jeremiah 30 

Hall,  Lyman 49,  63 

Hall,  Percival 35 

Halle  well,  Nicholas 16 

Halsted,  Robert 74 

Halsted,  Caleb 75 

Hamilton,  Dr 84 

Hanie,  Ezekiel 90 

Hanna,  John 75 

Harding,  Jos 12 

Harman,  E 15 

Harris,  Eobert 83 

Harris,  Tucker 63 

Harris,  Jacob 77 

Harrison,  Elisha 90 

Hart,  John 93 

Hart.  Oliver 62 

Haslet,  Dr 89 

Hastings,  Walter 35,93 

Hastings,  Dr.,  of  Connecticut 69 

Hays,  William 38 

Hayward,  Lemuel 30 

Howes,  Jos 71 

Hewins,  Elijah 30 

Hewins,  Lemuel 30 

Hitchcock,  Gad 29 

Hoar,  Leonard 12 

Hobart,  Peter 34 

Hobbs,  William 15 

Hodgson,  Dr 78 

Holbrook,  Amos 33 

Holden ,  Phiueas 30 

Holden,  William 25,30 

Holling,  Solomou 64 

Holmes,  David 69 

Holten,  Samuel 28 

Holyoke,  Edw.  Augustus 31 

Homans,  John 24 

Horner,  Gustavus  Brown 90 

Hostner,  Timothy 69 

Houston,  James 62, 93 

Howell,  Lewis 75 

Hubbard,  Laurett 69 

Hughes,  Joseph,  of  New  York 39 

Hughes,  Joseph,  of  Rhode  Island  27 

Hughes,  William 22 

Hulse,  Dr 89 

Hunt,  Ebenezer 29 

Hunter,  William 70 

Hurlburt,  James 65 


Page. 

Husbands,  Edward 87 

Hutchinson,  Ebeuezer 46 

Hutchinson,  James 80 

Hutchinson,  Mrs 18 

I. 

Irvine,  William 80 

J. 

Jacobs,  Jos 27 

Jacksou,  Clement '. .  25, 100 

Jackson,  David 80 

Jackson,  Hall 100 

Jamison,  Dr 82 

Jansen,  Isaac 38 

Jarvis,  Charles 24 

Jennifer,  Daniel 91 

Jepsou,  William 67 

Jerauld,  James 25 

Jerauld,  James,  jr 25,29 

Johnson,  James 76 

Johnson,  Lancelot 64 

Johnson,  Robert 83 

Johnson,  Samuel 76 

Johnson,  Uzal 75 

Jones,  David 93 

Jones,  Edward 78 

Jones,  Evan 46,78,79 

Jones,  James 92 

Jones,  John 45,83,101 

Jones,  Margaret 17 

Jones,  Walter 12 

K. 

East,  Philip  Godfrist 31 

Kast,  Thomas 31 

Kearsley,  John 44, 79, 104 

Keeue,  Samuel  Y 90 

Kellogg,  Giles  Crouch 27 

Kennedy,  Patrick 90 

Kent,  Richard 15 

Kerf byle,  Johannes 40,57 

Kierstede,  Hans 38,39 

Kilty,  William 90 

Kirkpatrick,  Dr 61 

Kittredge,  Tho 35 

Kittridge,  Thomas 29 

Knight,  John '. 93 

Kollock,  Cornelius 33 

Kuhn,  Adam  Simon 79,82 

Kuhn,  Adam 82,98 

L. 

Ladley,  Andrew 83 

Lajournade,  Ales 90 

La  Montague,  Johannes 38,40 


INDEX. 


115 


Page. 

Land,  Chillies 10 

Latimer,  Henry 92 

Langhlin,  William 35 

Leavenworth,  Thomas 65 

Ledj  aid,  Isaac -  4(5 

Lee,  Daniel 71 

Lee,  S.unnel 69 

Le  Baron,  Francis 19 

Le  Baron,  Joseph 34 

Le  Baron,  Lazarus 34 

Le  Baron,  Lazarus,  jr .">  I 

Leiper,  Andrew 10 

Linden-,  Thomas 16 

Lining,  John til 

Little,  Thomas 24 

Lloyd,  .lames 23,27,29,58,104 

Lockhart,  Dr 40 

Lockman,  Charles 62 

Loekman,  John 63,84 

Logan,  George 81 

L'Orange,  Jacob 39 

Lord,  Dr 23 

Loiighton,  William 35 

Love,  David 64 

Lowthrain,  Thomas 31 

Lnmbrozo,  Jacob 8(5 

Lyn  n ,  John 3."> 

Lyon.  William 87,89 

M. 

McCalla,  Thomas 83 

McCarter,  Charles '. 84 

MeClnre,  William (54 

MeClnrg,  Walter 10 

McClurg,  James 11 

McCoffrey,  Samuel  A 83 

McCosky.Alex 83 

McDonald,  Archibald 43 

McDowell,  John S3 

Mel  "ail  in,  Dr 76 

Me  Henry.  James 89 

McKean,  Robert  77 

McK  inly.  John    HI 

McKnight,  Charles ■ 43 

MeLain,  William 64 

McLelland,  Dr.... 82 

Macry,  Robert 11 

Magaw,  William 83 

Malcolm,  Henry 84 

Mallenacy,  Jacob  38 

Mann,  James 34,90 

Manlove,  Christopher 77 

Mans, Matthew B3 

Marion ,  Jos  23 


Marsh,  Dr 34 

Martin,  Ennals 91 

Martin,  Engh 83 

Martin,  James 62 

Mather,  Timothy 69 

Mattel,  Lonis 63 

Matthews,  Andrew 13 

Maubray, John  58,61 

Mawney,  John 70 

Maynadier,  Henry 91 

Megapolensis,  Samuel 38,39 

Menema,  Daniel 46 

Mercer,  Hugh 10 

Metcalf,  John 27 

Miehlan,  Paul 77 

M  iddleton ,  Baziel 10, 73, 101 

Middletou,  Peter 44,45 

Millengea,  Dr 63 

Miller,  Edward 91 

Miller,Johu 92 

Miller,  Seth 45 

Mitchell.Alex 88,91 

Mitchell,  John 9,10 

Moffatt,  Thomas 70 

Molenaer,  Dr 40 

Moutbrde,  J . . . 15 

Monroe,  George 10,92 

Monroe,  Thomas 72 

Moore,  Henry 46 

Moore,  Nicholas 80 

Moore,  Samuel  Preston 80 

Moores,  Abijah 65 

Morgan,  Abel 84 

Morgan,  Benjamin 35 

Morgan,  John 58, 74, 78,  81,  96,  99 

Morrison,  Norman 65 

Morrow,  David   90 

Morrow,  Samuel  90 

Morse,  Isaac 76 

Mosely,  Isaac (57 

Moultrie,  John 58, 61 

Moway,  Peter 81 

Munson,  Eneas 68 

Munroe,  Stephen 81 

Murray,  .lames 89 

N. 

Nelson,  John ..  88 

Nenfville,  William 62 

Nichols,  Christopher 72 

Nicholson,  Robert 84 

Nicoll.John   42 

Nbyes,  John 67,69 

Noyes,  Oliver 19 


116 


INDEX. 


O.  Page. 

<  )aks,  Thomas 22 

Ogden,  Jacob 44,45 

Oliphant,  David 62, 63 

Oliver,  Thomas 13 

Ord way,  Dr 100 

Orue,  Jos 30 

Osborne,  John 44,  67 

Osborne,  John,  jr , 67 

Osborne,  Samuel  . .» 44 

Otis,  Isaac 25 

Owens,  Griffith  78 

Owens,  Samuel 87 

P. 

Packer,  Dr 100 

Parish,  John 72 

Parker,  William 100 

Patridge,  Oliver 31 

Patterson,  Rohert ...  77 

Pan,  John 38 

Pecker,  James 29 

Pecker,  James,  jr 29 

Peet,  Abraham 65 

Peirson,  Abraham 73 

Peirson,  Mathias 77 

Pen,  J 15 

Peres,  Peter  J 83 

Perkins,  John 23 

Perkins,  Jos 66 

Perkins,  Nathaniel 23 

Perkins,  William  Lee 23 

Perry,  Dr 67 

Phelps,  Elisha 68 

Phillips,  Nathaniel 19 

Pierce 100 

Pigot,  Edward 77 

Pindell,  Richard 90 

Pinquerou,  N.  T 73 

Pilteisen,  Evart 40 

Piatt,  Samuel 83 

Pope,  John 24 

Porter,  Daniel 66 

Pot.John 8,40 

Potter,  James 67 

Potter.Jared 69 

Potts,  Jonathan 99 

Pratt.John ' 13 

Pratt,  Shuball 11 

Prentice  Dr 81  J 

Present  t,  Jos 62 

1 'resent  T.  Oliver 26 

Prescott,  Oliver,  jr 26 

Prince,  Jonathan  28 

Prior,  Aimer 46 


Pue  Dr 69 

Putnam,  Amos '^9 

Pynchon,  Charles 23,  29 

R. 

Ramsey,  David 61 

Ramsey,  Jesse  H 62 

Ramsey,  John 84 

Rand,  Isaac 23, 29,  33 

Rand,  Isaac,  jr •- .  29 

Rawson,  Eliot 65 

Read,  William 62,  63 

Redman,  Tbomas 71 

Redman,  John 80,  81,  82,  83, 104 

Reed,  Thomas 46,  47 

Reineck,  Christian 84 

Reinick,  Christopher 84 

Rhodes,  Jos 72 

Richards,  Benjamiu 25 

Richards,  Jos 24 

Richardson,  Abijah 31 

Richmond,  Ebenezer 72 

Ridgely,  Charles 91 

Roberts,  Aaron 68,  69 

Roberts,  John 11,23,93 

Rockhill,  John 73 

Rodman,  Tbomas 72 

Rogers,  Daniel 25 

Rogers,  John 13, 25,  84 

Rogers,  John  R.  B 84 

Rogers,  Na  thauiel 100 

Rogue,  John , 83 

Romayue,  Nicholas 45, 108 

Rose,  John 67 ,  69 

Rose,  Josiah 67 

Ruse,  Robert 10.  (i:'> 

Rmnuey,  William 12 

Rush,  Benjamin 9,  49,  82,  91,  99, 104 

Rush,  Jos 63 

Russell,  Walter 8 

S. 

Sackett,  Samuel 84 

Sage,  Ebenezer 44 

Salstonstall,  Henry 12 

Samon,  X 15 

Saple,  John  A 83 

Sargent,  Nathaniel 100 

Savage,  Jos 10 

Savil,  Elisha 29 

Sawyer,  Micajah 27 

Scammel,  John 28 

Scammel,  Samuel  Leslie 27 

Scammel,  Samuel  Leslie,  jr 28 

Scarborough,  Sir  Charles 16 


INDEX. 


117 


Page. 

Sell  nit.  Gerrett 36 

Schuyler,  Nicholas 46,47 

Seahury,  Samuel 13 

Senter,  Isaac 7 

Shaaf.JohnT 89 

Sharpe,  James  B 93 

Shepuul,  David 47 

Shippen,  Wm... 78, 81, 82, 84, 96, 97, 99,  L02 

Shippen,  William,  jr 58,  82 

si  ml  in.  John  Gerard 73 

Shute,  Daniel 35 

Shute,  Samuel  Moore. ?t"> 

Simpson,  John 67,69 

Skeele,  Amos (ill 

Skinner,  Alex 10 

Skinner,  Elisha 93 

Skinner.  Thomas 69 

Smith,  Alexander 90 

Smith,  Clement 90 

Smith,  Elihu  Hubbard 66,91 

Smith,  Isaac 69 

Smith,  .lames 88 

Snii t  h,  J ohn 89, 90, 101 

Smith.  Nathan 10 

Smith.  William 83 

Smith,  William  P 46 

Somerville,  William 89 

Span  Ming,  Lyman 56 

Spencer,  John 10 

Sprague,  John 24 

Springer,  Sylvester 62 

Staats,  Abraham 38 

Staats.  Samuel 39 

Starr,  Comfort 12 

Starrs.  Thomas 13 

Steailman,  Edward 26 

S  ten  house  Dr 89 

Stevens,  William  S 62 

Stevenson,  George 83,  92 

Stevenson,  Henry 87,88 

Stevenson,  John 8? 

Stewart.  Ale.x 33 

Stock.tt.  Thomas  Noble 88 

Stockbridge,  Benjamin 24,27 

Stocbbridge,  Charles 27 

Stockton,  Benjamin 46,77 

Stone.  Samuel 22 

Storrs,  .1  list  us 69 

Stringer,  Samuel I? 

Strippe,  Roger 15 

Stuber,  Henry 78 

Suageut,  Nathaniel 100 

Sumner,  Enoa 30 

Sutton,  Edward t ;r, 


Page. 

Swain,  Thomas ,. .  34 

Sweet,  Caleb 46 

Swett,  John  Barnard 32 

Sykes,  James 92 

Symson,  N L5 

T. 

Tabbs,  Barton 89 

Taylor,  Charles 12 

Taylor,  Christopher 83 

Taylor,  Henry : ,22,  39 

Tennant,  John  V.  B 101 

Tenny,  Samuel 72 

Tetard,  Benjamin 62,  93 

Texier,  Felix .' 93 

Thacher,  James 33 

Thacher,  Peter 22 

Thacher,  Thomas 19 

Thayer,  Jonathan 25 

Thomas,  John 35,  43,  47 

Thomas,  Philip 89 

Thomas,  William 35 

Thompson,  Benjamin 18 

Thompson,  Jos 83 

Thompson,  Thad 35 

Thorubill,  Thomas 42 

Thornton,  Matthew 49 

Throop ,  Amos 72 

Tilden,  John 90 

Tillotsou,  Thomas 90 

Tilton,  James 92,99 

Touton,  John 19 

Townsend,  David 35, 93 

Treadwell,  Benjamin 45 

Treat,  Malachi 46 

Tresvant,  John 10 

Tucker,  Thomas  T 62 

Tufts,  Cotton 26 

Tufts,  Simon 26 

Tunison,  Garrett 77 

Turner,  Daniel <><> 

Turner,  Henry 25 

'Turner,  Henry,  jr 25 

Turner,  Peter 72 

Turner,  William 73 

Tylby,  W 15 

U. 

Usher,  Robert 69 

V. 

Vacher,  John  F 46 

Van  Beuren,  Beekman 42 

Van  Beuren,  John 42 

Van  de  Bogaerdet,  Herman  M 38 


118 


INDEX. 


Pago. 

Vanden  Berg,  Peter  Jansen 39 

Van  der  Lynn,  Peter 46 

Van  Dyek,  Cornelius 39 

Van  Efiinchooue,  Luoal 42 

Vauevanger,  Dr 39 

Van  Imbroeck,  Gysbert 39 

Van  Rosenburgh,  Willi  am 41 

Van  Wagenner,  Garrett 83 

Varvanger,  Jacob  Heurickson  ...  38 

Vaughn,  Claiborne 10,  63 

Vou  Belcarnp,  Jacob .  39 

Veisselius,  George  Andrew 74 

Vicary.  Thomas 15 

Vickers,  Samuel 62 

Victoria,  Fernandes  de 1(3 

Vigneron,  Charles  Antonins 71 

Vigneron,  Norbert  Felieian 71 

Vreuclit,  Peter 

W. 

Waldo,  Albigereu 69 

Wales,  Ephraim 29 

Walker,  George 87 

Walker,  James 87 

Wallace,  James 10 

Wallace,  John 62 

Ward,  Samuel 74 

Ward,  Seth 74 

Ware,  Benjamin 19 

Wariield,  Charles  Alex 88 

Wa  rfield,  Walter 91 1 

Warren,  John •  >."> 

Warren,  Joseph 30,  32,  65 

Warren,  Petetiah 100 

Waters,  Wilson 90 

Watrous.JohnR 67,69 

Watrous,  Josiah 46 

Wei  enthall,  Dr 89 

Welch,  Thomas 34 

Welles,  Benjamin 47 

Wentworth,  Miles  ... ->:\ 

Wcssels,  Herman :!'.• 

West,  Benjamin 70 

Wharry,  Robert , . . .  83 

Wheaton,  Levi 72 

Wheeler.  William It) 


Page. 

Wliimple.  Walter  Vrooman 47 

Whipple,  Jos 24 

Whipple,  Daniel  Peek 

White,  Ebenezer 43 

White,  Nathaniel 19,30 

Whitewell,  Samuel 3i 

Whiting,  William 26 

Whitvvorth,  M 23 

Wilkins.John 80,83 

Willard.  Moses ---■  47 

Williams,  John  D 76 

Williams,  Nathaniel 22 

Williams,  Obadiah 9:> 

Williams,  Robert 64 

Williams,  Samuel 29 

Williamson,  Hugh 63 

Wilson, John 14,26 

Wislon.JohnJr 

Wilson,  .Matthew   91 

Wilson,  Robert   63 

Wilson,  Samuel 63 

Wingate,  John 93 

Winslow,  Edward, 18 

Winthrop.  John 35 

Winthrop.  John,  jr 35 

Wistar,  Caspar 

Witt,  Christopher 79 

Wolcott,  Oliver  49,66 

Wood,  Gerard 90 

Wood,  Thomas 73 

Woodruff,  Aaron 

Woodruff,  Henlook 46 

Woodruff,  Samuel 46 

Wooten,  Thomas 

Worthington,  Charles 90 

Wright,  Aaron 29 

Wright,  John  G 93 

Wynn,  Thomas 78 

Y. 

Yates,  George 10 

Yea  rl  y ,  Robert 16 

Young,  Joseph 46 

You  n glove,  Moses 47 

Z. 
Zachary,  Lloyds 


I 


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